{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T22:55:12Z","timestamp":1769986512728,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]],"date-time":"2017-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK102691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK102691"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL073646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL073646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To design a fluorine MRI\/MR spectroscopy approach to quantify renal vascular damage after ischemia\u2010reperfusion injury, and the therapeutic response to antithrombin nanoparticles (NPs) to protect kidney function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 53 rats underwent 45\u2009min of bilateral renal artery occlusion and were treated at reperfusion with either plain perfluorocarbon NPs or NPs functionalized with a direct thrombin inhibitor (PPACK:phenyalanine\u2010proline\u2010arginine\u2010chloromethylketone). Three hours after reperfusion, kidneys underwent ex vivo fluorine MRI\/MR spectroscopy at 4.7\u2009T to quantify the extent and volume of trapped NPs, as an index of vascular damage and ischemia\u2010reperfusion injury. Microscopic evaluation of structural damage and NP trapping in non\u2010reperfused renal segments was performed. Serum creatinine was quantified serially over 7 days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The damaged renal cortico\u2010medullary junction trapped a significant volume of NPs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04), which correlated linearly (r\u2009=\u20090.64) with the severity of kidney injury 3\u2009h after reperfusion. Despite global large vessel reperfusion, non\u2010reperfusion in medullary peritubular capillaries was confirmed by MRI and microscopy, indicative of continuing hypoxia due to vascular compromise. Treatment of animals with PPACK NPs after acute kidney injury did not accelerate kidney functional recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Quantification of ischemia\u2010reperfusion injury after acute kidney injury with fluorine MRI\/MR spectroscopy of perfluorocarbon NPs objectively depicts the extent and severity of vascular injury and its linear relationship to renal dysfunction. The lack of kidney function improvement after early posttreatment thrombin inhibition confirms the rapid onset of ischemia\u2010reperfusion injury as a consequence of vascular damage and non\u2010reperfusion. The prolongation of medullary ischemia renders cortico\u2010medullary tubular structures susceptible to continued necrosis despite restoration of large vessel flow, which suggests limitations to acute interventions after acute kidney injury, designed to interdict renal tubular damage. Magn Reson Med 79:3144\u20133153, 2018. \u00a9 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T04:12:42Z","timestamp":1510891962000},"page":"3144-3153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Quantification of vascular damage in acute kidney injury with fluorine magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Jeremy K.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri 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