{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T20:45:04Z","timestamp":1773434704095,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,29]],"date-time":"2018-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21EB017873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21EB017873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EB017873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EB017873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently, a new relayed nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) saturation transfer effect at around \u22121.6 parts per million, termed <jats:italic>NOE(\u22121.6)<\/jats:italic>, and its potential applications in tumor and stroke were reported by several institutes. However, there is a concern of the reproducibility of NOE(\u22121.6) measurements because it is not reported by many other publications. This paper aims to study the influence of typically overlooked experimental settings on the NOE(\u22121.6) signal and to build a framework for more reliable measurements of NOE(\u22121.6) at 9.4T.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Z\u2010spectra were obtained in rat brains. A fitting approach was performed to quantify all known saturation transfer effects except NOE(\u22121.6). Residual signals were obtained by removing these confounding effects from Z\u2010spectra and were then used to quantify NOE(\u22121.6). Multislice imaging was performed to study the NOE(\u22121.6) dependence on brain regions. The influences of euthanasia, anesthesia, breathing gases, and RF irradiation power were also evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results demonstrate that the NOE(\u22121.6) signal contributions are often not clearly observable in raw Z\u2010spectra at relatively high irradiation powers due to, for example, the direct water saturation effect, but they can be visualized after removing other nonspecific effects. In addition, the NOE(\u22121.6) effect depends on brain region, decreases postmortem, shifts after long\u2010duration anesthesia, and may be enhanced by increasing O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O breathing air concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Because the NOE(\u22121.6) effect is more susceptible to the direct water saturation effect and more sensitive to physiological conditions than are other CEST effects, incorporating known sensitivities into the experimental design and data analysis is necessary to ensure more reliable NOE(\u22121.6) results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]],"date-time":"2018-07-30T06:30:06Z","timestamp":1532932206000},"page":"208-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Toward more reliable measurements of <scp>NOE<\/scp> effects in <scp>CEST<\/scp> spectra at around \u22121.6\u2009ppm (<scp>NOE<\/scp> (\u22121.6)) in rat brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-7480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongliang","family":"Zu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science Vanderbilt University  Nashville Tennessee"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences Vanderbilt University  Nashville 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AbidinB KhrapitchevA et al.CEST and NOE signals in ischemic stroke at 9.4T evaluated using a Lorentzian multi\u2010pool analysis: a drop an increase or no change?In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of ISMRM Honolulu HI 2017. 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