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Unfortunately, gadolinium contrast administration has been associated with adverse reactions and long\u2010term accumulation in tissues. In this work, we propose an alternative deoxygenation\u2010based DSC (dDSC) method that uses a transient hypoxia gas paradigm to deliver a bolus of paramagnetic deoxygenated hemoglobin to the cerebral vasculature for perfusion imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through traditional DSC tracer kinetic modeling, the MR signal change induced by this hypoxic bolus can be used to generate regional perfusion maps of cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and mean transit time. This gas paradigm and blood\u2010oxygen\u2010level\u2010dependent (BOLD)\u2010MRI were performed concurrently on a cohort of 66 healthy and chronically anemic subjects (age 23.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.7, female 64%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results showed reasonable global and regional agreement between dDSC and other flow techniques, such as phase contrast and arterial spin labeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this proof\u2010of\u2010concept study, we demonstrated the feasibility of using transient hypoxia to generate a contrast bolus that mimics the effect of gadolinium and yields reasonable perfusion estimates. Looking forward, optimization of the hypoxia boluses and measurement of the arterial\u2010input function is necessary to improve the accuracy of dDSC. Additionally, a cross\u2010validation study of dDSC and DSC in brain tumor and ischemic stroke subjects is warranted to evaluate the clinical diagnostic utility of this approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T21:38:41Z","timestamp":1595885921000},"page":"168-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Quantitative perfusion mapping with induced transient hypoxia using BOLD MRI"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1773-4388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chau","family":"Vu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 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Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7010-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Borzage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology Fetal and Neonatal Institute Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7787-596X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University Stanford CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 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