{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T21:01:52Z","timestamp":1768078912730,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001316","name":"Abbott Laboratories","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006775","name":"GE Healthcare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of four\u2010dimensional (4D) flow MRI for direct assessment of peak velocity, flow volume, and momentum of a mitral regurgitation (MR) flow jets using an in vitro pulsatile jet flow phantom. We systematically investigated the impact of spatial resolution and quantification location along the jet on flow quantities with Doppler ultrasound as a reference for peak velocity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four\u2010dimensional flow MRI data of a pulsatile jet through a circular, elliptical, and 3D\u2010printed patient\u2010specific MR orifice model was acquired with varying spatial resolution (1.5\u20135 mm isotropic voxel). Flow rate and momentum of the jet were quantified at various axial distances (x = 0\u201350 mm) and integrated over time to calculate Vol<jats:sub>jet<\/jats:sub> and MTI<jats:sub>jet<\/jats:sub>. In vivo assessment of Vol<jats:sub>jet<\/jats:sub> and MTI<jats:sub>jet<\/jats:sub> was performed on 3 MR patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peak velocities were comparable to Doppler ultrasound (3% error, 1.5 mm voxel), but underestimated with decreasing spatial resolution (\u221240% error, 5 mm voxel). Vol<jats:sub>jet<\/jats:sub> was similar to regurgitant volume (RVol) within 5 mm, and then increased linearly with the axial distance (19%\/cm) because of flow entrainment. MTI<jats:sub>jet<\/jats:sub> remained steady throughout the jet (2%\/cm) as theoretically predicted. Four and 9 voxels across the jet were required to measure flow volume and momentum\u2010time\u2010integral within 10% error, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four\u2010dimensional flow MRI detected accurate peak velocity, flow rate, and momentum for in vitro MR\u2010mimicking flow jets. Spatial resolution significantly impacted flow quantitation, which otherwise followed predictions of flow entrainment and momentum conservation. This study provides important preliminary information for accurate in vivo MR assessment using 4D flow MRI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T12:12:25Z","timestamp":1637064745000},"page":"1923-1937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Valvular regurgitation flow jet assessment using in vitro 4D flow MRI: Implication for mitral regurgitation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3301-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeesoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aakash N.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8834-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana E.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7160-4248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel B.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O\u2019Neil R.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Northwestern Memorial Hospital  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Northwestern Memorial Hospital  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Northwestern Memorial Hospital  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Markl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University, McCormick School of Engineering  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)01064-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69208-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199611073351902"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.802314"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2020.11.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029332"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.055111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2017.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0305-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22424"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018180807"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e3181ae99b5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2492080146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2020200004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"GuptaAN LeeJ SoulatGet al. \u2018One\u2010click\u2019 automated mitral regurgitation quantification using 4D flow MRI jet\u2010tracking. 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