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Yet, how phase measurements are influenced by the structural alteration in the tissue after formalin fixation is not fully understood. Here, we study the effects on magnetic susceptibility, microstructural compartmentalization, and chemical exchange measurement with a postmortem formalin\u2010fixed whole\u2010brain human tissue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A formalin\u2010fixed, postmortem human brain specimen was scanned with multiple orientations to the main magnetic field direction for robust bulk magnetic susceptibility measurement with conventional quantitative susceptibility imaging models. White matter samples were subsequently excised from the whole\u2010brain specimen and scanned in multiple rotations on an MRI scanner to measure the anisotropic magnetic susceptibility and microstructure\u2010related contributions in the signal phase and to validate the findings of the whole\u2010brain data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The bulk isotropic magnetic susceptibility of ex vivo whole\u2010brain imaging is comparable to in vivo imaging, with noticeable enhanced nonsusceptibility contributions. The excised specimen experiment reveals that anisotropic magnetic susceptibility and compartmentalization phase effect were considerably reduced in the formalin\u2010fixed white matter specimens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Formalin\u2010fixed postmortem white matter exhibits comparable isotropic magnetic susceptibility to previous in vivo imaging findings. However, the measured phase and magnitude data of the fixed white matter tissue shows a significantly weaker orientation dependency and compartmentalization effect. Alternatives to formalin fixation are needed to better reproduce the in vivo microstructural effects in postmortem samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T18:29:55Z","timestamp":1648492195000},"page":"380-390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Imaging white matter microstructure with gradient\u2010echo phase imaging: Is ex vivo imaging with formalin\u2010fixed tissue a good approximation of the in vivo brain?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8427-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwok\u2010Shing","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior Radboud University Nijmegen The 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