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The first comprised 31 cardiac in vivo data sets acquired at 7T while the second consisted of 6 simulated 10.5T pelvic data sets. Subject\u2010specific solutions and universal modes were computed and subsequently evaluated alongside predefined default modes. For the cardiac database, subdivision into subpopulations was investigated. The optimization was performed using least\u2010squares (LS) TIAMO and acquisition modes optimized for refocused echoes (AMORE). Finally, universal modes based on simulated pelvis data were applied in vivo at 10.5T.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In all studied cases, the universal modes yield improvements over the predefined default modes of up to 51% (cardiac) and 30% (pelvic) in terms of median excitation error when using two modes. The subpopulation\u2010specific cardiac solutions revealed a further improvement of universal modes at the expense of increased errors when applied outside the appropriate subpopulation. Direct application of simulation\u2010based universal modes in vivo resulted in up to a 14% reduction in excitation error compared to default modes and up to a 34% reduction in peak 10\u2009g local specific absorption rate (SAR) compared to subject\u2010specific solutions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Universal modes are feasible for calibration\u2010free  inhomogeneity mitigation at ultra\u2010high fields. In addition, simulation\u2010based solutions can be applied directly in vivo, eliminating the need for large in vivo databases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T05:32:31Z","timestamp":1706851951000},"page":"43-56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Universal modes: Calibration\u2010free time\u2010interleaved acquisition of modes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1835-4002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0885-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3187-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Metzger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnetic Resonance Research University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21476"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24237"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2223\u20104292.2014.02.06"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21895"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21751"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1522\u20102586(200007)12:1<46::aid\u2010jmri6>3.3.co;2\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0730\u2010725x(00)00143\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20321"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0000000000000202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27518"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28602"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26148"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28952"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22978"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20840"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183562"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23118"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2022.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22527"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20102364(89)90265\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23081"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26925"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27762"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29318"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/55\/2\/n01"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/59\/18\/5287"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29866"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","unstructured":"Van de MoorteleP\u2010F UgurbilK.Very Fast Multi Channel B1 Calibration at High Field in the Small Flip Angle Regime.InProceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the ISMRM Honolulu Hawaii USA2009. 367."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","unstructured":"WildenbergS EggerN Nagelstra\u00dferS et al.Comparison of universal phase shims determined from simulated and measuredB1+$$ {B}_1^{+} $$maps in the prostate and heart at 7T.InProceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the ISMRM Toronto Canada2023. 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