{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T18:40:22Z","timestamp":1775328022594,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to investigate a multiparametric exchange proton approach using CEST and Z\u2010spectrum analysis protons (ZAP) in human abdominal organs, focusing on tissue differentiation for a potential early biomarker of abnormality. Prior to human studies, CEST and ZAP effects were studied in phantoms containing exchange protons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phantoms composed of iopamidol and iohexol solutions with varying pH levels, along with 12 human subjects, were scanned on a clinical 3T MR scanner. Subsequent ZAP analyses employed a two\u2010Lorentzian pool model to provide free and restricted apparent , and their fractions for data acquired across a wide range of offset frequencies (\u00b1100\u2009kHz or\u2009\u00b1\u2009800\u2009ppm), while a narrower range (\u00b17\u2009ppm or\u2009\u00b1\u2009900\u2009Hz) was used for CEST analysis to estimate magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTR<jats:sub>Asym<\/jats:sub>) for exchange protons like hydroxyl (\u2014OH), amine (\u2014NH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), and amide (\u2014NH), resonating \u02dc1, 2, and 3.5\u2009ppm, respectively. Differences in ZAP metrics across various organs were statistically analyzed using one\u2010way analysis of variance (ANOVA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The phantom study differentiated contrast agents based on resonance peaks detected from CEST analysis, while ZAP metrics showed sensitivity to pH variations. In human, ZAP metrics revealed significant differences in abdominal organs, with a subgroup study indicating changes in ZAP metrics due to the presence of gallstones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>CEST and ZAP techniques demonstrated promise in specific CEST protons and wide range ZAP protons and identifying tissue\u2010specific characteristics. The preliminary findings underscore the necessity for more extensive study involving a broader subject pool to potentially establish biomarkers for diseased states.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T09:44:15Z","timestamp":1714815855000},"page":"1670-1682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multiparametric exchange protons using Z\u2010spectrum analysis proton (ZAP) and CEST on phantoms and human abdomen"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0426-1457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vadim","family":"Malis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California, San Diego  La Jolla California 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