{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:58:52Z","timestamp":1787792332854,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019599","name":"European Partnership on Metrology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21NRM05 STASIS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21NRM05 STASIS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019599","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To quantify the extent of gradient\u2010induced vibrations, and the magnitude of motion\u2010induced displacement forces (\u201cLenz effect\u201d), in conductive nonmagnetic orthopedic prostheses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The investigation is carried out through numerical simulations, for a 3 T scanner. For gradient\u2010induced torques and vibrations, a knee and a shoulder implant are considered, at <jats:italic>dB<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>dt<\/jats:italic> equal to 42\u2009T\/s (rms). For motion\u2010induced forces associated with the Lenz effect, a knee and a hip implant are studied, considering a patient who translates on the examination couch, or walks next to it.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gradient\u2010induced torques may be within the same order of magnitude as the worst case gravitational torque defined in the ASTM standards. However, for all investigated cases, they result to be lower. In vacuum, the extent of the corresponding vibration reduces with frequency. At the lowest investigated frequency (270\u2009Hz), it keeps below 25\u2009\u03bcm. For an implant partially embedded in bone, the extent of the vibration increases with frequency. Nevertheless, the displacement is far lower than the worst case observed in vacuum (negligible in contact with the bone; \u02dc1\u2009\u03bcm or less where the implant emerges from the bone). The Lenz effect induced by the motion of the patient through the stationary magnetic field produces forces on the order of a few millinewtons (i.e., at least two orders of magnitude lower than the implant weight).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Comparing the results with mechanical loads caused by ordinary activities of daily living, and with the levels of tolerable micromotions, a good safety margin is confirmed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T09:58:19Z","timestamp":1724407099000},"page":"341-352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gradient\u2010induced vibrations and motion\u2010induced Lenz effects on conductive nonmagnetic orthopedic implants in <scp>MRI<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2382-4710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Zilberti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM)   Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Curreli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4829-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Arduino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM)   Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6415-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Zanovello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM)   Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Baruffaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5437-4396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriano","family":"Bottauscio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM)   Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"ASTM F2503\u201023 Standard Practice for Marking Medical Devices and Other Items for Safety in the Magnetic Resonance Environment","author":"ASTM International","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27319"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40134-016-0155-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25761"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"IEC 60601\u20132\u201033 Medical Electrical Equipment\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Part 2\u201333: Particular Requirements for the Basic Safety and Essential Performance of Magnetic Resonance Equipment for Medical Diagnosis, Edition 4.0","author":"International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"ACR Manual on MR Safety, Version 1.0","author":"ACR Committee on MR Safety","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880070427"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","volume-title":"ISO\/TS 10974 Assessment of the Safety of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Patients with an Active Implantable Medical Device","author":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO)","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEAA.2017.8065581"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2923693"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58530\/2023\/2875"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2586(200007)12:1<171::AID-JMRI19>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/12\/320"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER12031505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24547"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20539"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","volume-title":"ASTM F2213\u201017 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Magnetically Induced Displacement Force on Medical Devices in the Magnetic Resonance Environment","author":"ASTM International","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"4212","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 ISMRM & SMRT Virtual Conference & Exhibition. 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