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To ascertain the precision and robustness of the techniques, they were compared in three different noise and contrast regimes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The repeated superior\u2013inferior (SI) projections of a 3D radial trajectory were used to extract the physiological signals in three cardiac MRI cohorts: (1) 9 healthy volunteers without contrast agent injection at 1.5T, (2) 30 ferumoxytol\u2010injected congenital heart disease patients at 1.5T, and (3) 12 gadobutrol\u2010injected patients with suspected coronary artery disease at 3T. Self\u2010gated cardiac triggers were extracted with the three algorithms (principal component analysis [PCA], second\u2010order blind identification [SOBI], and independent component analysis [ICA]) and the difference with the electrocardiogram triggers was calculated. PCA and SOBI triggers were retained for image reconstruction. The image sharpness was ascertained on whole\u2010heart 5D images obtained with PCA and SOBI and compared among the three cohorts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>SOBI resulted in smaller trigger differences in Cohorts 1 and 3 compared to PCA (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and in all cohorts compared to ICA (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.04). In Cohorts 1 and 3, the sharpness increased significantly in the reconstructed images when using SOBI instead of PCA (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.03), but not in Cohort 2 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.4).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have shown that SOBI results in more precisely extracted self\u2010gated triggers than PCA and ICA. The validation across three diverse cohorts demonstrates the robustness of the method against acquisition variability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T14:27:36Z","timestamp":1728570456000},"page":"961-974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Self\u2010gated free\u2010running <scp>5D<\/scp> whole\u2010heart <scp>MRI<\/scp> using blind source separation for automated cardiac motion extraction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0585-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Mont\u00f3n Quesada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL)  Lausanne 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