{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T04:59:00Z","timestamp":1781240340292,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n Flow quantification using phase\u2010contrast (PC) MRI is based on steady\u2010state gradient echo (GRE) sequences and is hampered by spatially varying background phase offsets. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of steady\u2010state disruptions during PC\u2010MRI GRE sequences on these background phases. Based on these findings, a specific sequence and timing is suggested, and caution is expressed when using typical correction algorithms.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Steady\u2010state responses in stationary tissue were investigated in different prospectively triggered through\u2010plane phase\u2010contrast MRI sequence. Different spoiling methods (gradient spoiling\/FISP versus gradient+RF spoiling\/FLASH) and interleaving of flow encoding gradients (every TR vs. every ECG cycle) were investigated using simulations, in phantoms and in vivo. Additionally, the effect of relaxation times on the phase offsets was simulated and measured. The impact on image\u2010 and phantom\u2010based background phase correction was studied.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Good agreement between simulation and phantom measurements were observed. Different sequences lead to different spatiotemporal and tissue dependent background phases. Average flow rates in the popliteal artery were over\u2010 and underestimated for ECG\u2010interleaved and TR\u2010interleaved FISP acquisitions compared to FLASH, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Background phase measurements are influenced by steady\u2010state effects leading to potentially false background phase quantification. Current background phase correction methods cannot correct for the disturbance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T02:10:16Z","timestamp":1729822216000},"page":"1690-1699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Background phase induced steady\u2010state effects in velocity quantification using phase\u2010contrast MRI"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4496-8796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carola","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Engineering Technical University of Berlin Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Magnetic Resonance Siemens Healthineers AG Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Speier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magnetic Resonance Siemens Healthineers AG Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Schaeffter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Engineering Technical University of Berlin Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Physikalisch\u2010Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Giese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magnetic Resonance Siemens Healthineers AG Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90544-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.143.6.1167"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.23632"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968\u2010015\u20100172\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968\u2010015\u20100174\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"7","author":"Pelc NJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"Magn Reson Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880010404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2019.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1532\u2010429X\u201012\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910390218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880030315"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20102364(90)90366\u2010H"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24751"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"OngF MartinJ GrissomW et al.SigPy.2021. doi:10.5281\/ZENODO.5893788"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102342\u201010\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58530\/2022\/2774"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"4775","article-title":"Removing background velocity errors in PC\u2010MRI with optimized spoiler gradient waveforms","volume":"32","author":"Loecher M","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23111"}],"container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mrm.30358","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mrm.30358","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mrm.30358","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T04:50:06Z","timestamp":1781239806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mrm.30358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mrm.30358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.30358","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0740-3194","1522-2594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0740-3194","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-2594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}