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TBA is a freely diffusible tracer that readily traverses the blood\u2013brain barrier, resulting in high tissue signal and long residence times.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A hybrid method consisting of rapid two\u2010dimensional imaging of the arterial input followed by slower three\u2010dimensional variable tip\u2010angle balanced steady state free\u2010precession imaging of the brain is implemented. Image data are analyzed to extract the signal amplitude and T<jats:sub>1,2<\/jats:sub> decay rates. Knowledge of the tracer's kinetics in tissue is used to determine blood flow.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Effective T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> relaxation rates in the rat brain range from about 15 to 20s. T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> ranges from about 60 to 250\u2009ms, with the shortest relaxation times found in the brainstem. In ischemic regions, the effective T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> relaxation time is prolonged due to slower washout, whereas T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> is largely unchanged. The technique yields flow rates in cortical gray matter ranging from 140\u2009mL\/100\u2009g\/min in normal brains to less than 30\u2009mL\/100\u2009g\/min in ischemic cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hyperpolarized TBA provides sufficient sensitivity and tissue residence time to enable three\u2010dimensional mapping of relaxation and blood flow at 1.2\u20131.5\u2010mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> isotropic resolution in the rat brain. The technique has adequate signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio in tissue with restricted flow. Raw images of the tracer can be acquired at 0.48\u2009mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> isotropic resolution and signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio\u2009of about\u200913 in cortical gray matter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:12:50Z","timestamp":1746173570000},"page":"1010-1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Three\u2010dimensional high\u2010resolution <scp>T<sub>1<\/sub><\/scp> mapping and perfusion imaging in the normal and ischemic rat brain with hyperpolarized [2\u2010<scp><sup>13<\/sup>C<\/scp>]<i>tertiary\u2010<\/i>butyl alcohol"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Contreras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School   Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cody","family":"Callahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7060-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gopal","family":"Varma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2605-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron K.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1851","article-title":"Assessment of hypoxia and perfusion in human brain tumors using PET with 18F\u2010fluoromisonidazole and 15O\u2010H2O","volume":"45","author":"Bruehlmeier M","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Gated myocardial perfusion SPECT: basic principles, technical aspects, and clinical applications","volume":"32","author":"Paul AK","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nucl Med Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1528"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000014208.05597.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2586(199909)10:3<223::AID-JMRI2>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.210.1.r99ja46269"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"782","article-title":"Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. 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