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Pseudo\u2010continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) parameters were optimized for a thinner labeling region, allowing tortuous vessels to be more accurately treated as single points within the labeling plane. Our optimized approach was compared to the original OES method above the CoW in healthy volunteers, with preliminary application in two Moyamoya patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In simulation, the IOES improved SNR efficiency by approximately 10% and used longer wavelength encodings that are less sensitive to subject motion. The effective labeling thickness was reduced using optimized PCASL parameters, which maintained high labeling efficiency. In healthy volunteers, these improvements allowed for the separation of at least nine arteries and their downstream tissues, with more accurate vessel decoding and closer alignment between the measured VEASL signal modulation and the encoding design. Vascular territories consistent with angiography were found in the Moyamoya patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combining IOES with optimized PCASL parameters, the vessel\u2010decoding efficacy in a region with complex vascular geometry above the CoW was improved. The automated encoding design process and scan times under 6 min make it feasible to observe flow patterns above the CoW in clinical settings, particularly for studies of collateral circulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T06:09:43Z","timestamp":1751350183000},"page":"1415-1431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Achieving robust labeling above the circle of\n                    <scp>Willis<\/scp>\n                    with vessel\u2010encoded arterial spin labeling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1591-7674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology for Brain\u2010inspired Intelligence Fudan University   Shanghai People's 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Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain\u2010Inspired Intelligence Fudan University  Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhensen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology for Brain\u2010inspired Intelligence Fudan University   Shanghai People's Republic of China"},{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain\u2010Inspired Intelligence Fudan University  Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiansheng","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Fudan University Huashan Hospital  Shanghai People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration  Shanghai People's Republic of 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