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The complex signal evolution is fit with a bi\u2010component water\/fat model to extract  and account for B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and fat fraction confounders. Accuracy and precision were evaluated using numerical simulations. Cartesian and radial implementations of the sequence were tested. In phantoms, results were compared with reference spectroscopic and multi\u2010spin echo imaging techniques. Several in vivo experiments evaluated robustness to B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> field inhomogeneities, sensitivity to physiological and pathological variations in  on the thigh muscles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In phantoms,  values were highly correlated with reference spectroscopy and multi spin echo values (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009&gt;\u20090.8). In vivo,  values were correlated with reference values in healthy controls (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.69) and pathological muscles (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.87) and were not affected by B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> inhomogeneities (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.06). In the tongue muscle, a significant reduction in the SD of  values was observed using the radial compared to the Cartesian pSPGR sequence (\u221228%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed approach provides efficient 3D  estimation in skeletal muscle, including small moving organs like the tongue. This broadens the range of accessible targets for characterizing heterogeneous impairment of muscle tissue, while retaining durations compatible with clinical research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T07:04:52Z","timestamp":1746515092000},"page":"1103-1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quantitative muscle water <scp>T<sub>2<\/sub><\/scp> mapping using <scp>RF<\/scp> phase\u2010modulated <scp>3D<\/scp> gradient echo imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8030-4623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u00e9onore","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center Institute of Myology   Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8955-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre\u2010Yves","family":"Baudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center Institute of Myology   Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Lapert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthcare SAS  Courbevoie France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4983-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Marty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center Institute of Myology   Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JND\u2010160145"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27174"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010022\u201008862\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh130"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2851"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29091"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3113"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910370509"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3667"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13104\/jksmrm.2014.18.2.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000899"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp\u20102018\u2010319578"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24613"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3459"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"BarbieriM HooijmansM GoldG KoganF MazzoliV.A neural network application for fast simultaneous muscle T2\u2010water and fat fraction mapping from multi\u2010spin\u2010Echo acquisitions. 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