{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T02:26:40Z","timestamp":1784082400735,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB031886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB031886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R44EB025729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44EB025729"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To implement, optimize, and validate parallel imaging (PI)\u2010accelerated, 2D, flip angle modulated (FAM) chemical shift\u2010encoded quantification of liver proton\u2010density fat fraction (PDFF), with motion insensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The optimization cost function that determines flip angles in FAM was generalized for PI. Phantom studies and prospective studies in volunteers with varying liver fat levels were performed. Free\u2010breathing FAM was acquired in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes, with varying nominal PI acceleration factors (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) of\u20091.0 to 3.0. A breath\u2010held, commercially available 3D chemical shift\u2010encoded method was acquired as reference for PDFF. Overall image quality, qualitative SNR, and motion artifacts for all methods were Likert\u2010scale rated. PDFF measured by FAM was compared to reference to assess bias. Test\u2013retest repeatability was assessed for all methods by repeating acquisitions after volunteer repositioning. Noise performance was assessed with standard deviation of PDFF maps as\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      increased.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The reader study (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093 readers\/10 subjects) demonstrated excellent image quality for FAM during free\u2010breathing, with reduced motion artifacts compared to breath\u2010held reference (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). PI\u2010accelerated FAM shows fewer motion artifacts than unaccelerated FAM (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). In all planes and accelerations, PDFF measured by FAM showed good agreement with reference PDFF measurements (mean bias: \u22120.4% to 2.0% PDFF; 95% limits of agreement: 2.8% to 4.0% PDFF). FAM in axial and coronal planes showed similar or improved repeatability (repeatability coefficient\u2009=\u20091.7% to 2.6% PDFF) compared to the reference (2.7%). Sagittal FAM shows similar or worse repeatability (repeatability coefficient =\u20093.0% to 3.6%). FAM with\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092.0 has good noise performance and high SNR efficiency.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      FAM, in axial or coronal planes with\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092.0, is optimal for motion\u2010insensitive liver PDFF quantification.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T09:51:32Z","timestamp":1756806692000},"page":"249-267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Optimized motion\u2010insensitive\n                    <scp>PDFF<\/scp>\n                    mapping of the liver"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8565-6575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayi","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison   Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Radiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3615-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daiki","family":"Tamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5948-0295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"do Vale Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Faacks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4285-3090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jitka","family":"Starekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0683-7982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julius F.","family":"Heidenreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology University Medical Center Mainz  Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3420-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garrett C.","family":"Fullerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison   Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Radiology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4831-7333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collin J.","family":"Buelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison   Madison 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