{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:54:07Z","timestamp":1787878447908,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB028250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB028250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB033853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB033853"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The IEC 60601\u20102\u201033 standard provides consensus\u2010based safety provisions for MRI equipment. Protection of patients against cardiac stimulation (CS) is based on limiting the maximum E\u2010field induced by MRI gradient coils. In practice, this is achieved by imposing a conservative dB\/dt threshold on any gradient waveform. The dB\/dt\u2010over\u2010E\u2010field conversion ratio currently used in IEC 60601\u20102\u201033 was derived in a homogeneous ellipsoid exposed to a uniform B\u2010field and is 10 (T\/s)*(V\/m)\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      . This limit is becoming increasingly restrictive in high performance clinical systems. We therefore evaluate dB\/dt\u2010over\u2010E\u2010field ratios in realistic body models and coils using state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art electromagnetic simulations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed two independent simulation studies in a total of 75 realistic body models and 13 commercial gradient systems and derived dB\/dt\u2010over\u2010E\u2010field ratios in the heart. We thresholded the E\u2010field maps to mitigate the impact of staircasing artifacts in boundary voxels between the myocardium and the lungs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thresholding the E\u2010field maps at the 99th percentile E\u2010field value (E99) eliminates staircasing artifacts in both simulation studies. Study #1 predicts a larger range of dB\/dt\u2010over\u2010E99 ratios (13\u201353 (T\/s)*(V\/m)\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) than study #2 (12\u201335 (T\/s)*(V\/m)\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Despite differences in EM solvers, body models, coils, mesh resolution, and post\u2010processing, both studies find similar worst\u2010case ratios of dB\/dt\u2010over\u2010E99 of 12\u201313 (T\/s)*(V\/m)\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our simulations of dB\/dt\u2010over\u2010E\u2010field ratios for cardiac safety in MRI cover a large range of realistic clinical scenarios. An increase of the allowable dB\/dt beyond the current CS limit in IEC 60601\u20102\u201033 may be feasible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T12:05:41Z","timestamp":1759838741000},"page":"1753-1761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Simulation of\n                    <scp>dB<\/scp>\n                    \/dt\u2010Over\u2010Electric Field Cardiac Magnetostimulation Safety Ratios in 75 Body Models and 18 Gradient Systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7600-6172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Charlestown Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Edmonson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medtronic Cardiac Rhythm Management  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0217-9123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Davids","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Charlestown Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie G.","family":"Ferris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Charlestown Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard\u2010MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Gebhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthineers  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Rattenbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthineers  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan S.","family":"van den Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips Healthcare  Best the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6854-9348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Steckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MKS Consulting  Beachwood Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence L.","family":"Wald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Charlestown Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard\u2010MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastien","family":"Gu\u00e9rin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Charlestown Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910330506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb49600.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02446087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2586(200007)12:1<20::AID-JMRI3>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910290606"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) \u201cIEC International Standard IEC 60601 Medical Electrical Equipment \u201dPart 2\u201333: Particular Requirements for the Basic Safety and Essential Performance of Magnetic Resonance Equipment for Medical Diagnosis 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28472"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29382"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709799"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29717"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02446217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-5149(25)00564-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3480985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"P. 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