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The methods are split between: (1) signal\u2010based, which rely on lung parenchyma signal changes during respiration, and (2) volume\u2010based that utilize the Jacobian determinant of deformation fields from the image registration. This study compares both proton methods using respiratory\u2010resolved images acquired using fermat\u2010looped orthogonally encoded trajectories (FLORET) acquisition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Free\u2010breathing FLORET data were acquired from participants with various pulmonary conditions (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200929) and healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097), and reconstructed into respiratory phase\u2010resolved images. Signal\u2010based regional ventilation (RVent) was quantified using the 3D phase\u2010resolved functional lung algorithm, and volume\u2010based Jacobian ventilation (JVent) was derived as the Jacobian of the deformation field from the direct image registration of the end\u2010expiratory image to the end\u2010inspiratory image. Differences between the means, coefficients of variation (CoVs), and their ventilation defect percent (VDP) were quantified by Bland\u2013Altman plots. The spatial overlap of the defect maps was determined by multi\u2010class S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient, and Spearman correlations to\n                      <jats:sup>129<\/jats:sup>\n                      Xe MRI were assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In all study participants, statistically significant differences were found between means\/CoVs of RVent and JVent parameters (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), but not VDP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.38). The median spatial overlap of the defect maps was 86%. VDP\n                      <jats:sub>RVent<\/jats:sub>\n                      showed stronger correlation (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.78, Meng\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094.36,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) to VDP\n                      <jats:sub>129Xe<\/jats:sub>\n                      than JVent (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.34).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although both proton lung MRI methods successfully identified ventilation defects, the stronger correlation between signal\u2010based and\n                      <jats:sup>129<\/jats:sup>\n                      Xe MRI indicates that RVent may provide a more reliable assessment of lung ventilation in clinical applications in comparison to volume\u2010based parameters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T06:09:21Z","timestamp":1770185361000},"page":"2814-2827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Signal\u2010 and Volume\u2010Based Ventilation\u2010Weighted Assessment Using\n                    <scp>3D FLORET UTE MRI<\/scp>\n                    in Patients With Various Pulmonary Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2715-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Klime\u0161","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 \u2010 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0200-7869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph W.","family":"Plummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5699-1841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Voskrebenzev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL)  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 \u2010 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Gutberlet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover 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