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We compared frequency\u2010dependent kurtosis in the human brain under two regimes: varying frequency with fixed total waveform duration (fixed\u2010) or number of oscillations (fixed\u2010).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eleven healthy volunteers were scanned on the 3\u2009T Connectome 2.0 system with OGSE using 500 mT\/m gradients. Mean kurtosis (MK) was measured using three fixed\u2010 waveforms (\u2009\u2248\u200980\u2009ms) and four fixed\u2010 waveforms (\u2009=\u20091). The adiabatic K\u00e4rger exchange model was fit to MK in 48 white matter (WM) and 70 gray matter (GM) regions, yielding estimates of water exchange time (), intracellular fraction (), extracellular tortuosity (), and asymptotic kurtosis ().<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Distinct frequency\u2010dependence was observed between regimes. In fixed\u2010, MK decreased with frequency in both WM and GM, reflecting diffusion coarse\u2010graining from structural disorder. In fixed\u2010, MK increased with frequency in GM but was relatively flat in WM, indicating greater sensitivity to exchange. Parameter estimates showed biologically meaningful contrasts: WM exhibited longer , higher , and greater , consistent with tightly packed, myelinated axons and anisotropic extracellular space. GM showed shorter  and higher , reflecting greater heterogeneity and CSF partial volume.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fixed\u2010 and fixed\u2010 OGSE provide complementary sensitivity to microstructural features. Fixed\u2010 emphasizes structural disorder, while fixed\u2010 highlights membrane permeability and exchange. The extended frequency regimes enabled by ultra\u2010strong gradients advance OGSE as a powerful tool for probing human brain tissue microstructure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T02:30:32Z","timestamp":1771209032000},"page":"3429-3444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Complementary Sensitivity of Fixed\u2010Time and Fixed\u2010Oscillation Regimes to Exchange and Structural Disorder in the Human Brain Revealed Using Oscillating\u2010Gradient Diffusion\n                    <scp>MRI<\/scp>\n                    With Ultra\u2010Strong Gradients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6287-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsuk","family":"Sung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Athinoula A. 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