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GE\u2010BOLD provides semi\u2010quantitative CVR assessment, has high SNR but is influenced by baseline deoxyhemoglobin and the macrovascular venous compartment. SE\u2010BOLD is selectively more sensitive to microvasculature, mitigating contamination from larger vessels. We developed a pCASL GE\u2010BOLD\/SE\u2010BOLD MRI sequence and collected all three fMRI modalities in 20 healthy subjects during a hypercapnic breath\u2010holding task.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n CVRs in GM were CVR\n ASL<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20095.3%\/mmHg\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8%\/mmHg (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD), CVR\n GE\u2010BOLD<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.18% BOLD\/mmHg\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05% BOLD\/mmHg, and CVR\n SE\u2010BOLD<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.09% BOLD\/mmHg\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03% BOLD\/mmHg. The ground truth of physiological CVR was represented by the ASL measurements with higher SNR (CVR\n ASL<\/jats:sub>\n ). CVR\n GE\u2010BOLD<\/jats:sub>\n and CVR\n SE\u2010BOLD<\/jats:sub>\n correlated across subjects with CVR\n ASL<\/jats:sub>\n in GM, with SE showing a stronger correlation (CVR\n BOLD<\/jats:sub>\n vs. CVR\n ASL<\/jats:sub>\n :\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.54,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05 for GE\u2010BOLD and\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.70,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u200910\n \u22123<\/jats:sup>\n for SE\u2010BOLD). Region of interest (ROI) analysis based on previously reported macrovascular venous density maps derived from SWI showed that the lower correlation for GE\u2010BOLD was driven by GM ROIs with high venous density. Similar results were observed for spatial correlations (across regions) of group average maps of CVR (CVR\n BOLD<\/jats:sub>\n vs. CVR\n ASL<\/jats:sub>\n :\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.44 for GE\u2010BOLD and\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.58 for SE\u2010BOLD,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n 's\u2009<\u200910\n \u22123<\/jats:sup>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n BOLD fMRI provides a semi\u2010quantitative CVR assessment. Using SE\u2010BOLD may be advisable, as it approximates physiological CVR more closely than GE\u2010BOLD due to reduced sensitivity to larger veins while maintaining a similar group\u2010level sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T03:31:43Z","timestamp":1771817503000},"page":"3309-3321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["FMRI<\/scp>\n Approaches to Mapping Cerebrovascular Reactivity: Comparison of Gradient Echo\n BOLD<\/scp>\n and Spin Echo\n BOLD<\/scp>\n With Arterial Spin Labeling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2465-3421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Pomante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti\u2010Pescara Chieti Abruzzo Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB) University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti\u2010Pescara Chieti Abruzzo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Di Censo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti\u2010Pescara Chieti Abruzzo Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB) University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti\u2010Pescara Chieti Abruzzo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Caporale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti\u2010Pescara Chieti Abruzzo Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB) University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti\u2010Pescara Chieti Abruzzo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Fasano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthcare Camberley Surrey UK"},{"name":"Siemens Healthineers Forchheim Bavaria Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Zac\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Collaborations and Strategic Partnerships, Siemens Healthcare S.r.l. 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