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However, the existing encoding methods are signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (SNR) inefficient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a MOdulation\u2010Guided ENcoding (MOGEN) scheme that directly exploits the inversion spatial modulation profile to obtain SNR\u2010efficient encoding matrix. Simulations, phantom tests, and healthy volunteer scans were performed to demonstrate its feasibility in multiple application scenarios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simulation studies demonstrated that MOGEN achieves significantly higher theoretical SNR efficiency than previous methods for both four\u2010 and six\u2010artery configurations. In healthy volunteers, MOGEN improved in vivo SNR by approximately 15% and provided more robust vessel decoding, particularly when the spatial modulation deviated from a cosine profile. In patients with Moyamoya disease, MOGEN enabled reliable visualization of collateral pathways even when scan time was reduced to \u02dc5\u2009min for six arteries. Furthermore, by considering vessel size with multi\u2010voxel vessel representation, MOGEN enhanced single\u2010artery selectivity in vessel\u2010encoded angiography. We also demonstrated that a straightforward approach of off\u2010resonance correction for VEASL at ultra\u2010high field was feasible by using MOGEN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MOGEN offered several benefits for VEASL, including high SNR efficiency, flexible spatial modulation and PCASL parameters selection, vessel size consideration, and straightforward off\u2010resonance correction, thereby substantially improving robustness and usability of VEASL across various applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T08:40:51Z","timestamp":1772959251000},"page":"146-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>MOdulation<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Guided\n                    <scp>ENcoding<\/scp>\n                    (\n                    <scp>MOGEN<\/scp>\n                    ) Scheme for Vessel\u2010Encoded Arterial Spin Labeling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1591-7674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology for Brain\u2010Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Okell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0329-824X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph G.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, School of Information Science and Technology University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4851-7872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuriko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiansheng","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Fudan University Huashan Hospital  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujun","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Fudan University Huashan Hospital  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Changzhou The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Medical Center  Changzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Fudan University Huashan Hospital  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology for Brain\u2010Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying\u2010Hua","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MR Research Collaboration Team, Siemens Healthineers Ltd.  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