{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T03:51:55Z","timestamp":1781581915152,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB028250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB028250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB033853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB033853"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The MRI safety standard IEC 60601\u20102\u201033 limits the maximum\n                      <jats:italic>dB<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>dt<\/jats:italic>\n                      and E\u2010field induced by MRI gradients to protect patients from cardiac stimulation (CS). Those limits were set in the early 2000s based on a compilation of electrode stimulation measurements in animals as well as electromagnetic calculations in a homogeneous ellipsoid. We re\u2010evaluate CS in MRI using state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art electromagnetic and electrophysiological modeling in realistic body models and gradient coils.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We predicted CS thresholds in 56 realistic body models and 13 commercial gradient systems for trapezoidal waveforms with rise times (the time during which the gradient amplitude is ramped from zero to maximum) ranging from 0.1 to 5.0\u2009ms. We used threshold predictions in individual body models to estimate the gradient field amplitude below which the probability of occurrence of a CS adverse event is &lt;\u20092\u2009ppb, the historically agreed upon probability used in IEC 60601\u20102\u201033.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that the variability of CS thresholds due to differences in anatomy and body habitus was 10%\u201336%, depending on rise time, while the CS threshold variability across gradient coils was 27%. In the range of typically used MRI rise times (\u2264\u20092.5\u2009ms), the predicted gradient amplitude associated with a CS probability of 2\u2009ppb is &gt;\u20095.5X higher than the IEC CS limit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Detailed simulations in a large population of realistic body models and gradient coils indicate that the IEC CS limit is substantially lower (more conservative) than the predicted gradient amplitude associated with a 2\u2010ppb probability for CS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T03:30:38Z","timestamp":1776051038000},"page":"871-882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electromagnetic and Electrophysiological Modeling of Cardiac Stimulation Thresholds in 13\n                    <scp>MRI<\/scp>\n                    Gradient Systems and 56 Body Models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7600-6172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Charlestown Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Davids","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Charlestown Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie G.","family":"Ferris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Charlestown Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard\u2010MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Edmonson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medtronic Cardiac Rhythm Management  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Gebhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthineers  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Rattenbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthineers  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan S.","family":"van den Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips Healthcare  Best the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6854-9348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Steckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MKS Consulting  Beachwood Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence L.","family":"Wald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Charlestown Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard\u2010MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastien","family":"Gu\u00e9rin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. A. 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