{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T03:51:57Z","timestamp":1781581917536,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Incidental excitation of the gas\u2010phase resonance during\n                      <jats:sup>129<\/jats:sup>\n                      Xe gas exchange MRI introduces contamination that can bias membrane uptake and red blood cell (RBC) transfer metrics. Here, we defined the level of gas\u2010phase contamination that is acceptable, and compared the dual\u2010echo (Hahn) and spectroscopy\u2010informed (Willmering) frameworks to correct for it.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nine healthy volunteers underwent interleaved 3D radial dual\u2010echo Dixon\u2010based\n                      <jats:sup>129<\/jats:sup>\n                      Xe MRI and spectroscopy. The dissolved\u2010phase RF pulse was shortened from its optimal value to increase incidental gas contamination. The Hahn and Willmering corrections were implemented and refined using a grid search over a contamination\u2010dominated ROI to determine any platform\u2010specific scale and phase adjustments. The effects of contamination phase and scale were tested by synthetically reintroducing gas signal at phase offsets that maximized defect\u2010 and high intensity\u2010like artifacts. Membrane\/gas and RBC\/gas defect and high percentages were evaluated against thresholds derived from a healthy reference cohort to determine acceptable gas contamination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Images acquired with the shortened pulse contained 24%\u2009\u00b1\u20096% gas contamination. After applying empirically calibrated phase shifts (Hahn\u2248230\u00b0, Willmering\u224849\u00b0) and no scale adjustment (optimal value\u22481), both correction methods increased RBC SNR by \u223c9% and reduced background noise. Phase\u2010 and scale\u2010sweep experiments indicated that gas contamination becomes unacceptable once it exceeds \u223c9%\u2009\u00b1\u20093%, at which point membrane and RBC defect or high percentages\u00a0surpass their thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gas\u2010phase contamination beyond \u223c9% requires correction. After a one\u2010time empirical phase calibration, this can be equally well achieved by both the Hahn and Willmering methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:15:44Z","timestamp":1776744944000},"page":"787-798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correcting\n                    <scp>\n                      <sup>129<\/sup>\n                      Xe\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Gas Exchange\n                    <scp>MRI<\/scp>\n                    for Incidental Gas\u2010Phase Excitation\u2014Comparing Approaches, and Identifying Acceptable Thresholds for Reliable Quantification"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6198-3301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suphachart","family":"Leewiwatwong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4356-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Willmering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0246-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Mugler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology &amp; Medical Imaging University of Virginia School of Medicine  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mummy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastiaan","family":"Driehuys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Medical Physics Graduate Program Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Polarean Imaging plc \u201cXENOVIEWTM (Xenon Xe 129 Hyperpolarized) for Oral Inhalation \u201dhttps:\/\/xenoview.net\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016152299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01779\u20102018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl\u20102017\u2010210070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00702.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00785\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201905\u20101021OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202306\u20101102LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27662"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl\u20102020\u2010214924"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00441\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2024.02.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/rti.0000000000000392"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00080\u20102023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201905\u2010413RL"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021204149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2024.107827"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"A.Swaminathan D.Mummy S.Zhang et al. \u201cDynamic Changes in Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI Measures Associate With Lung Function Three Months After Initiation of Therapy in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis \u201dATS International Conference 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"D.Mummy S.Zhang A.Bechtel andB.Driehuys \u201cEstimating Physiological Values of Membrane and Red Blood Cell Conductance Using 129Xe Gas Exchange MRI. ATS International Conference \u201d2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00831\u20102019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00035\u20102022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00186.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27377"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27349"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28737"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29769"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"M.Willmering A.Matheson P.Niedbalski Z.Cleveland L. W.Walkup andJ.Woods \u201cAssessment of Sequence and Assumption Imperfections on 1\u2010point Dixon 129Xe Gas Exchange MRI Metrics \u201dIn: ISMRM 33th Annual Meeting and Exhibition 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25089"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30586"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.012717"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27538"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2016.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmr.a.21352"}],"container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mrm.70390","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mrm.70390","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mrm.70390","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T03:00:06Z","timestamp":1781578806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mrm.70390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mrm.70390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.70390","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0740-3194","1522-2594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0740-3194","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-2594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}