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The metabolite peaks are separated from the large water signal using a novel free induction decay (FID) time shifting method. SNR comparisons were made between spectra acquired with strong, weak, and no water suppression on a brain phantom with physiological metabolite concentrations. Measurements were made using no water suppression with the phantom at discrete temperatures between 22\u00b0C and 42\u00b0C. GREPSI was also compared with single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) and chemical shift imaging (CSI) pulse sequences. Finally, a healthy volunteer was scanned.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The FID shifting method allowed removal of the water spectrum and recognition of metabolite peak locations independent of water suppression. The standard deviation of the temperature measured at room temperature was 0.31\u00b0C, independent of water suppression, respectively. The absolute temperature measurements closely matched the corresponding water\u2010bath temperature with accuracy within 2% at 42\u00b0C and precision on the order of 0.2\u00b0C using either NAA, Cre, or Cho as a reference. The in vivo temperature images of a normal volunteer were in the expected normal range.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study indicates that accurate and precise temperature measurements can be obtained with GREPSI in a scan time on the order of 2\u20135 min, for an 8\u2010slice slab, depending on the FOV imaged.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:15:58Z","timestamp":1782274558000},"page":"2044-2057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Potential for Absolute Temperature Imaging Based on Brain Metabolites Using an\n                    <scp>FID<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Shifting Approach in Gradient Echo Planar Spectroscopic Imaging (\n                    <scp>GREPSI<\/scp>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2557-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis L.","family":"Parker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2055-9795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Od\u00e9en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peyton","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7232-3621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong\u2010Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley","family":"Judd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duane D.","family":"Blatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Bokhari M. 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