{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:21:08Z","timestamp":1788153668772,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01\u2010NS116776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01\u2010NS116776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS112274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS112274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH123550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH123550"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG\u20102110\u201038526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\u20102110\u201038526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n Recent updates to the diagnostic criteria of multiple sclerosis (MS) require whole\u2010brain T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n *\u2010weighted (T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n *w) imaging with submillimeter resolution to detect novel diagnostic biomarkers such as the central vein sign. However, to achieve the needed submillimeter spatial resolution, conventional T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n *w 3D gradient\u2010echo scans sequences are limited by prohibitively long scan times for clinical use. Here, we evaluated a different approach based on a segmented 3D echo planar imaging (3D\u2010EPI) sequence, accelerated with 2D Controlled Aliasing in Parallel Imaging Results in Higher Acceleration (CAIPIRINHA) undersampling and denoised with a deep learning\u2010based network.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifty\u2010two research participants were imaged at 3T using the 3D\u2010EPI sequence acquired at different CAIPIRINHA acceleration factors (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092, 3, and 4) and denoised using a dedicated denoising convolutional neural network (DnCNN). Quantitative assessment of the accelerated T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n *w 3D\u2010EPI scans, before and after denoising, was performed using peak signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), and tissue contrasts. A neuroradiologist separately assessed image quality in a blinded manner using predetermined scoring criteria.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n *w 3D\u2010EPI with CAIPIRINHA acceleration enabled fast submillimeter isotropic (0.65\u2009mm) imaging of the entire brain with scan times ranging between 3\u2009min 22\u2009s (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092) down to 1\u2009min 56\u2009s (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20094). Even for the fastest scan (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20094), accelerated T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n *w 3D\u2010EPI images denoised with DnCNN exhibited superior PSNR (3\u2009dB increase), SSIM (13% increase) and lesion\u2010to\u2010vein tissue contrast (9% increase) compared to the non\u2010denoised images.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The 3D\u2010EPI sequence combined with CAIPIRINHA and deep learning denoising enables fast submillimeter whole\u2010brain T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n *w imaging at 3T.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:43:31Z","timestamp":1784781811000},"page":"2072-2082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fast Submillimeter Whole\u2010Brain\n \n T\n 2<\/sub>\n <\/scp>\n *\u2010Weighted Imaging Using\n 3D<\/scp>\n \u2010\n EPI<\/scp>\n With\n CAIPIRINHA<\/scp>\n and Deep\u2010Learning Denoising at\n 3T<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3549-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sreekanth Madhusoodhanan","family":"Nair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Program, Department of Neurology Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Quah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Program, Department of Neurology Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae W.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-9329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthineers Pty Ltd Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthineers Malvern Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthineers Malvern Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaina","family":"Luskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Program, Department of Neurology Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Luu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Shared Resource, Department of Computational Biomedicine Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Renner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Program, Department of Neurology Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthineers Malvern Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthineers Malvern Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Derbyshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional MRI Facility National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Sakaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostics Institute\u2010Imaging Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostics Institute\u2010Imaging Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell T.","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0157-5669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Bilello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa","family":"Kaisey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Al\u2010Louzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nader","family":"Binesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Maya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Imaging Research Institute Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroradiology Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy L.","family":"Sicotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostics Institute\u2010Imaging Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio 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