{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:05:16Z","timestamp":1789452316146,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB028773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB028773"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006599","name":"Focused Ultrasound Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006599","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011699","name":"Siemens Healthineers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UVA\u20102021\u2010MR\u201029\u201001\u2010Mugler_C00239406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UVA\u20102021\u2010MR\u201029\u201001\u2010Mugler_C00239406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011699","name":"Siemens Healthineers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UVA\u20102025\u2010MR\u201034\u201001\u2010Mugler_CLMA229599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UVA\u20102025\u2010MR\u201034\u201001\u2010Mugler_CLMA229599"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop an MRI approach for simultaneous skull and brain temperature monitoring between sonications in transcranial MR\u2010guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) surgeries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 3D stack\u2010of\u2010spirals dual\u2010echo ultra\u2010short TE (UTE) sequence incorporating fat suppression, spiral deblurring, trajectory measurement, and B1 correction was implemented. A variable TE strategy enabled UTEs as short as 0.05\u2009ms for skull T1 mapping, while a fixed late\u2010TE (LTE) was used for brain temperature measurement. The approach was evaluated in laboratory and clinical settings through phantom and human studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During laboratory phantom cooling, MR\u2010estimated temperatures closely matched optical fiber measurements, with standard deviations of 0.60\u00b0C and 0.57\u00b0C across two gel ROIs. Cortical bone T1 showed a strong correlation with temperature (Pearson\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.963,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05; slope\u2009=\u20092.51\u2009ms\/\u00b0C). Similar results were obtained during laboratory phantom heating (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.800,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05; slope\u2009=\u20093.86\u2009ms\/\u00b0C). In clinical phantom heating, gel temperature and bone T1 changed concurrently, with peak pixel\u2010wise temperature increases of \u223c12\u00b0C and peak ROI\u2010averaged T1 increases of \u223c14\u2009ms. In patient scans, B1 correction reduced skull T1 spatial standard deviation from 98.1 to 59.9\u2009ms. Volunteer uncertainty maps showed mean uncertainties of 46.8\u2009ms for skull T1, enabling detection of \u223c30\u2009ms changes with 80% power, and 0.57\u00b0C for brain temperature.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed method enabled inter\u2010sonication monitoring of skull temperature changes and brain thermometry during transcranial MRgFUS. While accurate ex vivo, improvements to in vivo T1 precision are needed for clinical temperature quantification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:33:40Z","timestamp":1789450420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toward Inter\u2010Sonication Monitoring of Skull and Brain Temperatures in Transcranial\n                    <scp>MRgFUS<\/scp>\n                    Using a\n                    <scp>3D<\/scp>\n                    Stack\u2010of\u2010Spirals Sequence"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4149-4725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Virginia  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4778-8168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven P.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Brigham Young University  Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"John P.","family":"Mugler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Virginia  Charlottesville Virginia USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging University of Virginia  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4833-8321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. 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