{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:58:08Z","timestamp":1790654288998,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012245","name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025A0505020070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A0505020070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Noninvasive assessment of hepatic oxygenation is relevant for evaluating liver both in acute and long\u2010term liver pathologies. However, existing methods are limited to single\u2010slice acquisitions and require breath\u2010holding. This study aims to develop and evaluate a motion\u2010robust technique for whole\u2010liver oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) mapping using a radial gradient\u2010echo sampling of spin\u2010echo (rGESSE) sequence in combination with an artificial neural network (ANN) for quantification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seven healthy volunteers were scanned using a 1.5\u2009T MRI system with an 18\u2010channel body coil. A multi\u2010slice rGESSE sequence with radial sampling was employed under free\u2010breathing conditions to acquire volumetric liver data. Signal processing included bias\u2010field correction and 3D median filtering. OEF, deoxygenated blood volume (DBV), and transverse relaxation rate (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were estimated using a trained feedforward ANN based on simulated qBOLD signal models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Whole\u2010liver OEF maps were successfully obtained in all volunteers under free\u2010breathing. Representative parameter maps showed consistent spatial patterns and anatomical correspondence. The mean hepatic OEF across subjects was 55.75%\u2009\u00b1\u20096.88%, and the mean DBV was 0.568\u2009\u00b1\u20090.039. Comparison with literature values suggested a systematic overestimation, likely arising from a combination of model approximations, residual B\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      inhomogeneity, motion effects, and acquisition\u2010specific sensitivities. ANN\u2010based fitting outperformed standard least\u2010squares regression in terms of stability and artifact suppression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates the feasibility of using rGESSE combined with ANN analysis for free\u2010breathing, whole\u2010liver OEF mapping. The proposed approach allows for noninvasive, volumetric hepatic oxygenation assessment with improved motion robustness, offering potential for clinical application in liver disease diagnosis and monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T04:47:26Z","timestamp":1786078046000},"page":"2840-2847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Free\u2010Breathing Hepatic Oxygen Extraction Fraction (\n                    <scp>OEF<\/scp>\n                    ) Mapping Using Radial\n                    <scp>GESSE<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7244-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) German Center for Lung Research (DZL)  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology With Nuclear Medicine Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Divison of Radiology German Cancer Research Center  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2068-1184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon M. F.","family":"Triphan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) German Center for Lung Research (DZL)  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology With Nuclear Medicine Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix T.","family":"Kurz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divison of Radiology German Cancer Research Center  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology Geneva University Hospitals  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congcong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) German Center for Lung Research (DZL)  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology With Nuclear Medicine Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9510-4520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian H.","family":"Ziener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divison of Radiology German Cancer Research Center  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Ladd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Center  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Astronomy Heidelberg University  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Heidelberg University  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinz\u2010Peter","family":"Schlemmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divison of Radiology German Cancer Research Center  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans\u2010Ulrich","family":"Kauczor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) German Center for Lung Research (DZL)  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology With Nuclear Medicine Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Sedlaczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology With Nuclear Medicine Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Divison of Radiology German Cancer Research Center  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200008000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2004.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7891574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071764"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25497"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2015.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117136"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Brain Oxygen Utilization Measured With O\u201015 Radiotracers and Positron Emission Tomography","volume":"25","author":"Mintun M. A.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Nuclear Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21719"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910320610"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910370611"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26749"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27804"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1534844"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27642"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20959"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24585"}],"container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mrm.70550","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mrm.70550","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mrm.70550","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:42:38Z","timestamp":1790653358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mrm.70550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mrm.70550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.70550","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0740-3194","1522-2594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0740-3194","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-2594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}