{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:58:08Z","timestamp":1790654288953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n The feasibility and reproducibility of adapting the T2\u2010Relaxation\u2010Under\u2010Spin\u2010Tagging (TRUST) MRI sequence for noninvasive measurement of venous oxygenation in the upper arm were investigated, aiming to enable future in vivo validation of\n T<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2\n b<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \u2010oxygenation calibration curves in sickle cell disease (SCD).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The TRUST sequence, originally developed for the brain, was optimized for the upper arm by comparing control, label and difference signal. Accuracy was assessed using a phantom experiment. Twelve healthy volunteers underwent repeated TRUST scans using two different protocols: Three\u2010averages and One\u2010average. Reproducibility and temporal resolution were investigated, and a handgrip exercise was used to assess sensitivity to physiological changes. Statistical analyses included coefficient of variation (CV), within\u2010subject CV (wsCV), and Bland\u2013Altman analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Phantom experiments demonstrated accurate\n T<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n estimation at low expected velocities with deviations from reference less than 16\u2009ms (11.2%). In vivo, the adapted sequence provided faster and reproducible\n T<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2\n b<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n (86.0\u2009\u00b1\u200930.0\u2009ms) and\n Y<\/jats:italic>\n \n v<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n measurements (66.1%\u2009\u00b1\u200911.7%). Reducing the number of averages improved temporal resolution without compromising measurement reproducibility (bias: 16.3 to 7.6\u2009ms, wsCV: 39.8% to 35.3%). During exercise, significant decreases in\n T<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2\n b<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n and\n Y<\/jats:italic>\n \n v<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n were observed in both the superficial and deep vein: mean\n T<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2\n b<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n decreased from 87.2 to 58.9\u2009ms (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) in the cephalic vein, and from 93.3 to 71.3\u2009ms (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) in the brachial vein.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n The adapted TRUST protocol enables reproducible assessment of venous oxygenation in the upper arm, providing a technique for future validation and recalibration of\n T<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2\n b<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \u2013oxygenation curves in SCD.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:23:00Z","timestamp":1788358980000},"page":"2894-2906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Venous Oxygenation Measurements in the Upper Arm: Reproducibility and Sensitivity to a Physical Challenge"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4634-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Diogo","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koen P. A.","family":"Baas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthan W. A.","family":"Caan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart J.","family":"Biemond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aart J.","family":"Nederveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25627"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21627"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22970"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26311"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28757"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv397"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16682509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27972"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-017-0066-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20178"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.577224"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450210108045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"A. 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