{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T07:01:21Z","timestamp":1789974081055,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/V034537\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V034537\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000325","name":"Wellbeing of Women","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To reduce the complexity associated with anisotropic IVIM modeling, we derived two simplified diffusion MRI models that map the apparent diffusivity, relative proportions, and anisotropy of perfusion\u2010 and diffusion\u2010related signal components and demonstrated them in placenta scans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We introduce two spherical mean anisotropic intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) models. The models consist of constrained diffusion tensor compartments, namely \u201csticks\u201d or \u201czeppelins,\u201d and we consider the spherical mean of the signal for these compartments. We apply these spherical mean anisotropic IVIM models to placenta MRI scans from 14 control participants to produce perfusion fraction, perfusion\u2010related pseudo\u2010diffusivity, diffusion\u2010related diffusivity, perfusion\u2010related fractional anisotropy, and diffusion\u2010related fractional anisotropy maps. We compare our approach to the standard IVIM model and calculate the Bayesian information criterion voxelwise to determine which model best explains the data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spherical mean anisotropic IVIM output maps are consistent with standard IVIM, while additionally accounting for and mapping anisotropy of perfusion\u2010 and diffusion\u2010related signal components. Spherical mean anisotropic IVIM models provide a better explanation of the data, as indicated by a lower Bayesian information criterion compared to standard IVIM in 10%\u201320% of voxels, while retaining sensitivity to the same underlying tissue and perfusion characteristics in the remaining voxels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our spherical mean anisotropic IVIM approach can disentangle perfusion\u2010 and diffusion\u2010related anisotropy without explicitly estimating directionality. Our approach simplifies the calculation of biomarkers reflecting microcirculatory and microstructural changes in anisotropic tissue by employing models of reduced complexity compared to previous methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T06:12:36Z","timestamp":1789971156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simplified Anisotropic\n                    <scp>IVIM<\/scp>\n                    Using Spherical Means and\u00a0an\u00a0Application in the Placenta"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6967-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paddy J.","family":"Slator","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Pleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Manchester Centre for Heart and Lung Magnetic Resonance Research University of Manchester NHS Foundation Trust  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health The University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7972-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester  Manchester UK"},{"name":"St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester  Manchester UK"},{"name":"St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Johnstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester  Manchester UK"},{"name":"St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander E. P.","family":"Heazell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester  Manchester UK"},{"name":"St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine H.","family":"Naish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Manchester Centre for Heart and Lung Magnetic Resonance Research University of Manchester NHS Foundation Trust  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health The University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Duhig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester  Manchester UK"},{"name":"St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Department of Women and Children's Health King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.168.2.3393671","article-title":"Separation of Diffusion and Perfusion in Intravoxel Incoherent Motion MR Imaging","volume":"168","author":"Le Bihan D.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22100","article-title":"Intravoxel Partially Coherent Motion Technique: Characterization of the Anisotropy of Skeletal Muscle Microvasculature","volume":"31","author":"Karampinos D. 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