{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T06:48:11Z","timestamp":1791787691918,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The choroid plexus has long been regarded as the principal source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), yet this view remains unresolved. We developed a dynamic indirect D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O MRI approach to quantify regional apparent CSF water renewal in vivo in rats at 9.4\u2009T.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rats were scanned at 9.4\u2009T using spin\u2010echo echo\u2010planar imaging during intravenous D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O infusion (10.69\u2010s temporal resolution, 150\u2009\u00d7\u2009150\u2009\u03bcm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      in\u2010plane resolution). A deliberately long echo time (TE\u2009=\u2009150\u2009ms) was used to preferentially suppress signals from brain parenchyma, blood, and interstitial fluid, thereby enhancing sensitivity to signal changes in CSF compartments. After relaxation correction, regional apparent CSF water renewal rates were estimated using a one\u2010compartment kinetic model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\u2010induced signal attenuation was regionally heterogeneous. The ambient and supracerebellar cisterns (AC\u2009+\u2009SC) exhibited the largest signal reduction, reaching 47.32%\u2009\u00b1\u200915.70% of baseline, whereas the lateral ventricles (LVs) showed smaller reductions (LV1: 68.73%\u2009\u00b1\u200918.72%; LV2: 72.64%\u2009\u00b1\u200915.07%). The estimated apparent CSF water renewal rates were low and comparable between the bilateral ventricles (LV1: 0.20\u2009\u00b1\u20090.20\u2009\u03bcL\/min; LV2: 0.26\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21\u2009\u03bcL\/min), but markedly higher in the AC\u2009+\u2009SC region (4.38\u2009\u00b1\u20093.95\u2009\u03bcL\/min;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01 vs. LVs). The third and fourth ventricles also showed relatively small signal changes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dynamic D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O MRI enabled noninvasive assessment of apparent CSF water renewal in vivo. The total apparent renewal rate was higher in AC\u2009+\u2009SC than in the LVs. These results suggest that extraventricular CSF compartments contribute substantially to apparent CSF water renewal.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T06:29:01Z","timestamp":1791786541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vivo Dynamic\n                    <scp>\n                      D\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                      O\n                    <\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>MRI<\/scp>\n                    for Quantifying Apparent\n                    <scp>CSF<\/scp>\n                    Water Renewal Across Ventricular and Extraventricular Compartments"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Zhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Radiology The First 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Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology  Harbin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lauterbur Imaging Research Center Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1028-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Resonance Image, High Magnetic Field Laboratory Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Hefei 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