{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:23:10Z","timestamp":1788412990694,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,11]],"date-time":"2012-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1336694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Musculoskeletal Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010specific low back pain is a frequent complaint in primary care, but the differential diagnosis for low back pain can be complex. Despite advances in diagnostic imaging, a specific pathoanatomical source of low back pain can remain elusive in up to 85% of individuals. Best practice guidelines recommend that clinicians conduct a focused physical examination to help to identify patients with non\u2010specific low back pain and an evidence\u2010based course of clinical management. The use of sensitive and specific clinical methods to assess the lumbar spine, sacroiliac and hip joints is critical for effective physical examination. Psychosocial factors also play an important role in the evaluation of individuals with low back pain, but are not included in this narrative review of physical examination methods. Physical examination of the lumbar spine, sacroiliac and hip joints is presented, organized around patient position for efficient and effective clinical assessment. Copyright \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.1012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,11]],"date-time":"2012-05-11T10:52:16Z","timestamp":1336733536000},"page":"149-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Narrative Review of Evidence\u2010Based Recommendations for the Physical Examination of the Lumbar Spine, Sacroiliac and Hip Joint Complex"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"C. K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. K.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-1072-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780340502"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"2185","article-title":"Hip muscle strength and muscle cross sectional area in men with and without hip osteoarthritis","volume":"29","author":"Arokoski MH","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","volume-title":"Bates\u2019 Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking","author":"Bickley LS","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200109)44:9<2138::AID-ART367>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.5.506"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/62.9.1269"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000202807.72292.a8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"623","article-title":"Sacroiliac dysfunction as a cause of low back pain","volume":"18","author":"Broadhurst NA","year":"1989","journal-title":"Australian Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318195d688"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(03)00099-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00686.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-12-200412210-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/72.12.917","article-title":"The treatment of the sacroiliac joint component to low back pain: A case report","volume":"72","author":"Cibulka MT","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1993.17.4.172"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199910010-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2004.34.11.676"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7141.1356"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199804150-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199809150-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(93)90013-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","first-page":"681","article-title":"The McKenzie approach to evaluating and treating low back pain","volume":"19","author":"Donelson R","year":"1990","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/65.3.352","article-title":"Device for stretching the hamstring muscles. Suggestion from the field","volume":"65","author":"Dubuc WE","year":"1985","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/70.9.537"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960310010179"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200212150-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000067115.61673.FF"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90222-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90048-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199710000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00333-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38216.868808.7C"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000135237.89834.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199802010-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-002-0722-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)05003-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.03.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200106010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60937-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34347"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200206010-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000076821.41875.1C"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000224179.04964.aa"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1997.26.6.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-915338"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200405010-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199203000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200202150-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(00)00006-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/jmt.2008.16.3.142"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2005.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/79.11.1043","article-title":"Four clinical tests of sacroiliac joint dysfunction: The association of test results with innominate torsion among patients with and without low back pain","volume":"79","author":"Levangie PK","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000049927.37696.DC","article-title":"Rates of advanced spinal imaging and spine surgery","volume":"28","author":"Lurie JD","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/85.2.120","article-title":"Relationship of physical examination findings and self\u2010reported symptom severity and physical function in patients with degenerative lumbar conditions","volume":"85","author":"Lyle MA","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2006.2233"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","volume-title":"Orthopedic Physical Assessment","author":"Magee DJ","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4102\/sajp.v36i1.1433","article-title":"Movement of pain sensitive structures in the vertebral canal and intervertebral foramina in a group of physiotherapy students","volume":"36","author":"Maitland G","year":"1980","journal-title":"South African Journal of Physiotherapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e31816b2f99"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","volume-title":"Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy","author":"Malone T","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200110)45:5<453::AID-ART365>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Prophylaxis in recurrent low back pain","volume":"89","author":"McKenzie RA","year":"1979","journal-title":"The New Zealand Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198606000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198813060-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199009000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199502000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200208010-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200305000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000115134.97854.C9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei119"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200201000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200004000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200108000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-2002-16406","article-title":"The relationship between lower extremity injury and the hip abductor to extensor strength ratio in collegiate athletes","volume":"16","author":"Nadler SF","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198304000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_83_1","first-page":"689","article-title":"Low\u2010back pain: An orthopedic medicine approach","volume":"33","author":"Ouellette JP","year":"1987","journal-title":"Canadian Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(03)00044-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198305000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_86_1","volume-title":"Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function","author":"Perry J","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_87_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"The inter\u2010therapist reliability of the slump test Australian","volume":"35","author":"Phillip K","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Physiotherapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22273"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/math.1998.0311"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199707010-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2003.33.11.639"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3337"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_93_1","first-page":"809","article-title":"Early intra\u2010articular hip disease presenting with posterior pelvic and groin pain","volume":"1","author":"Prather H","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200104010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/78.7.708"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(00)00080-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31818b8882"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749609065649"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1356-689X(99)80006-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.9.955"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/026921501673178408"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s776-002-8409-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2008.2753"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0532-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_107_1","first-page":"379","article-title":"Clinical pain, experimental evidence: Molecular mechanisms within the spinal cord","volume":"5","author":"Thompson S","year":"2005","journal-title":"Topical Issues in Pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198109000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200501000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503261729"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(03)80010-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_112_1","first-page":"CD007431","article-title":"Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low\u2010back pain","author":"Windt DA","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2006.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2012-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199702150-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00301411"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318170fcf6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-4-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/math.1999.0199"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00242-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0602-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2002.810510.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199612150-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050480"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90127-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.0110"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2008.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2019-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199904010-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000241136.98159.8c"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(03)00151-7"}],"container-title":["Musculoskeletal Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmsc.1012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmsc.1012","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/msc.1012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T08:42:35Z","timestamp":1700556155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/msc.1012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,11]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/msc.1012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/msc.1012","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-2189","1557-0681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-2189","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-0681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,11]]}}}