{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T05:49:26Z","timestamp":1785563366482,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Musculoskeletal Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychosocial variables are known to play an important role in musculoskeletal pain. Recent efforts incorporating psychological theory into rehabilitative medicine, as part of <jats:italic>patient\u2010centred care<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>psychologically informed physical therapy<\/jats:italic>, have gained broader acceptance. The fear\u2010avoidance model is the dominant psychosocial model and has introduced a variety of phenomena which assess psychological distress (i.e., <jats:italic>yellow flags<\/jats:italic>). <jats:italic>Yellow flags<\/jats:italic>, such as fear, anxiety and catastrophizing, are useful concepts for musculoskeletal providers but reflect a narrow range of psychological responses to pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinicians lack a more comprehensive framework to understand psychological profiles of each patient and provide individualised care. This narrative review presents the case for applying personality psychology and the Big\u2010Five trait model (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience) to musculoskeletal medicine. These traits have strong associations with various health outcomes and provide a robust framework to understand patient emotion, motivation, cognition and behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>High conscientiousness is associated with positive health outcomes and health promoting behaviours. High neuroticism with low conscientiousness increases the odds of negative health outcomes. Extraversion, agreeableness and openness have less direct effects but have positive correlations with important health behaviours, including active coping, positive affect, rehabilitation compliance, social connection and education level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Application<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Big\u2010Five model offers an evidence\u2010based way for MSK providers to better understand the personality of their patients and how it relates to health. These traits offer the potential for additional prognostic factors, tailored treatments and psychological intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.1797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T05:29:44Z","timestamp":1689139784000},"page":"1161-1174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Beyond yellow flags: The Big\u2010Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7485-9988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation Baylor University  Waco Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennie","family":"Waite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of St. Thomas  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua J.","family":"Van Wyngaarden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army\u2010Baylor University Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy Baylor University  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation Baylor University  Waco Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane L.","family":"Koppenhaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation Baylor University  Waco Texas USA"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy Baylor University  Waco Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2014.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000157"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","volume-title":"Personality neuroscience and the five factor model","author":"Allen T. A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0093360"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999\u2010015\u20104504\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2015.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Hnadbook of personality: Theory and research","author":"Barenbaum N. B.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658\u2010194601000\u201000008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/josptcases.2021.10008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.130.6.887"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2017.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033\u20103182(96)71534\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4173"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2016.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2021.10697"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","unstructured":"Chapelle W. Thompson W. Ouenpraseuth S. Spencer H. Goodman T. Sanford E. Schultz R. &Frise A.(2018).Pre\u2010training cognitive and non\u2010cognitive psychological predictors of U.S. Air Force pararescue training outcomes. (Final 435 Technical Report AFRL\u2010SA\u2010WP\u2010TR\u20102018\u20100016).USAF School of Aerospace Medicine. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/pdfs\/AD1061533.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research (fourth)","author":"Clark L. A.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901814010223"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000847"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Personality assessment","author":"Costa P. T.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010psych\u2010010418\u2010103244"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000070"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2015.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3182385392"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000468"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2013.07.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08870440290025858"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","first-page":"242","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research (fourth)","author":"Moor M. H. M.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research (fourth)","author":"DeYoung C. G.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1223176"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108721.2008.00612.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research (fourth)","author":"Dweck C. S.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2009.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044\u20108287.2011.02055.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2014.11.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000274"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","first-page":"773","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research (fourth)","author":"Friedman H. S.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.65.1.176"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.68.4.696"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024290"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2018.7811"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12387"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.59.6.1216"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003\u2010066X.48.1.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105306066610"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","volume-title":"Personality and health","author":"Hampson S. E.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023859"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874943701407010001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010psych\u2010122216\u2010011902"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/N9F1\u20101R9G\u20106EDW\u20109BFL"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S237522"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035687"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010016\u20100578\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","first-page":"793","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research (fourth)","author":"Jackson J. J.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025918"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research (fourth)","author":"John O. P.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","first-page":"114","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research","author":"John O. P.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research (fourth)","author":"John O. P.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.822"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2541"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2019.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105313488976"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002352"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865\u2010006\u20109085\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2016.6487"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research (fourth)","author":"Lewis D. M. G.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102018\u2010099878"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000210"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110060"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200100264"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030800"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357\u2010006\u20109024\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_1","first-page":"122","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research (fourth)","author":"McAdams D. P.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264\u2010020\u201004553\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1876386301003010134"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160\u2010013\u20109524\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.0000000000000014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20103999(02)00451\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977\u20100372"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5840\/monist198669326"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022198291011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/b:jobm.0000019849.21524.70"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606\u2010021\u201006598\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000088"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102474\u201014\u201065"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919\u2010016\u20100240\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.2000.1757"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167292185003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0278\u20106133.14.3.274"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550619900572"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2021.10570"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000475"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278\u20106133.23.2.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357\u2010010\u20109153\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2019.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709992029"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_107_1","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Handbook of personality development","author":"Tackett J. L.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181a65298"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.18.00578"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001384"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2012.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jabr.12165"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6393101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000181272.58103.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529\u2010014\u20109413\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977\u20101241"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036335"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010publhealth\u2010031816\u2010044628"}],"container-title":["Musculoskeletal Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/msc.1797","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T15:23:15Z","timestamp":1703604195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/msc.1797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/msc.1797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/msc.1797","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-2189","1557-0681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-2189","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-0681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}