{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:02:49Z","timestamp":1753869769127,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Musculoskeletal Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low back pain (LBP) imposes a significant burden on global health, yet it remains deficient in comprehensive investigations pertaining to its incidence patterns. The aim of this study was to analyse global, regional and national trends and associated factors in the incidence of LBP from 1990\u20132019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In order to examine global and country\u2010specific 30\u2010year incidence patterns of LBP, data were obtained from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. An age\u2010period cohort (APC) model was utilised to determine annual percent changes, age\u2010specific changes, and period\/cohort effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The age\u2010standardized global LBP incidence rate significantly declined from 1990\u20132019. However, the absolute number of cases increased by 2.39 billion, predominantly in middle\u2010, low\u2010middle\u2010 and low\u2010socio\u2010demographic index (SDI) regions, affecting mostly 50\u201369\u00a0years old with a higher incidence in women. LBP incidence increased progressively from low to high SDI regions. Period and cohort effects trended downward in all regions except high\u2010SDI countries, which had the lowest incidence decline and a slight rebound after 2012.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study updates global and regional LBP incidence from 1990\u20132019 using APC modelling, showing declining age\u2010standardized rates globally but increased case numbers due to population growth and ageing. Prevention likely helped reduce incidence, but more health strengthening and minimally invasive treatments are still needed, especially where LBP has plateaued or rebounded recently.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.70056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T15:01:06Z","timestamp":1739977266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low Back Pain Incidence Trends Globally, Regionally, and Nationally, 1990\u20132019: An Age\u2010Period\u2010Cohort Analysis, Cross\u2010Sectional Studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9673-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery The Ninth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuehan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution Department of Geology Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shibo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery The Ninth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youping","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery The Ninth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jigong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery The Ninth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/jammr\/2022\/v34i2131555"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413288"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580211060178"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2278\u20100521.171437"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed\u20102017\u2010104732"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2019.1707872"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.102894"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2021.102737"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","first-page":"128","article-title":"Effect of Acupressure on Postpartum Low Back Pain, Salivary Cortisol, Physical Limitations, and Depression: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study","volume":"40","author":"Cheng H. 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