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Unfortunately, experience has shown that environmental controls and effective respiratory protection are often unavailable during the first days to week after a large\u2010scale disaster.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The English literature was reviewed using the key words\u2014disaster and any of the following: respiratory disease, pulmonary, asthma, bronchitis, sinusitis, pulmonary fibrosis, or sarcoidosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Respiratory health consequences after aerosolized exposures to high\u2010concentrations of particulates and chemicals can be grouped into 4 major caterogies: 1) upper respiratory disease (chronic rhinosinusitis and reactive upper airways dysfunction syndrome), 2) lower respiratory diseases (reactive [lower] airways dysfunction syndrome, irritant\u2010induced asthma, and chronic obstructive airways diseases), 3) parenchymal or interstitial lung diseases (sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and bronchiolitis obliterans, and 4) cancers of the lung and pleura.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This review describes several respiratory consequences of occupational and environmental disasters and uses the World Trade Center disaster to illustrate in detail the consequences of chronic upper and lower respiratory inflammation. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Mt Sinai J Med 75:89\u2013100, 2008<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold>. <jats:italic>\u00a9 2008 Mount Sinai School of Medicine<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,23]],"date-time":"2008-05-23T18:17:23Z","timestamp":1211566643000},"page":"89-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Upper and lower respiratory diseases after occupational and environmental disasters"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"David 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