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Creating novel therapeutics for bipolar disorder is urgently needed. Promising drug targets and compounds for bipolar disorder worthy of further study include both systems and intracellular pathways and targets. Specifically, the purinergic system, the dynorphin opioid neuropeptide system, the cholinergic system (muscarinic and nicotinic systems), the melatonin and serotonin [5\u2010hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C] system, the glutamatergic system, and the hypothalamic\u2010pituitary adrenal axis have all been implicated. Intracellular pathways and targets worthy of further study include glycogen synthase kinase\u20103 protein, protein kinase C, and the arachidonic acid cascade. 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