{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:21:18Z","timestamp":1790860878864,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,20]],"date-time":"2009-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1237507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mount Sinai J Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mild traumatic brain injury has been called the signature injury of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. In both theaters of operation, traumatic brain injury has been a significant cause of mortality and morbidity, with blast\u2010related injury the most common cause. Improvised explosive devices have been the major cause of blast injuries. It is estimated that 10% to 20% of veterans returning from these operations have suffered a traumatic brain injury, and there is concern that blast\u2010related injury may produce adverse long\u2010term health affects and affect the resilience and in\u2010theater performance of troops. Blast\u2010related injury occurs through several mechanisms related to the nature of the blast overpressure wave itself as well as secondary and tertiary injuries. Animal studies clearly show that blast overpressure waves are transmitted to the brain and can cause changes that neuropathologically are most similar to diffuse axonal injury. One striking feature of the mild traumatic brain injury cases being seen in veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan is the high association of mild traumatic brain injury with posttraumatic stress disorder. The overlap in symptoms between the disorders has made distinguishing them clinically challenging. The high rates of mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder in the current operations are of significant concern for the long\u2010term health of US veterans with associated economic implications. Mt Sinai J Med 76:111\u2013118, 2009. \u00a9 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,20]],"date-time":"2009-03-20T17:59:25Z","timestamp":1237571965000},"page":"111-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Blast\u2010related mild traumatic brain injury: mechanisms of injury and impact on clinical care"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Elder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Cristian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery.","author":"Tanielian T","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","unstructured":"O'HanlonME CampbellJH.Iraq index: Tracking variables of reconstruction and security in post\u2010Saddam Iraq. 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