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Postmenopausal osteoporosis and hyperthyroid osteoporosis, both of which are widely recognized clinical entities, have been thought to arise from low estrogen levels and high thyroid hormone levels, respectively. However, when estrogen declines, follicle\u2010stimulating hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, rises. Likewise, when thyroid hormone levels rise in hyperthyroidism, thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone levels fall. We have used a complement of mouse genetic, pharmacological, and cell biological approaches to unravel a direct action of follicle\u2010stimulating hormone and thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone on bone remodeling and bone mass. Apart from establishing a novel pituitary\u2010bone axis of physiological significance, our studies challenge the existing 1\u2010hormone, 1\u2010disease paradigm in endocrinology and suggest that a plurality of hormonal disturbances involving pituitary hormones cause postmenopausal and hyperthyroid osteoporoses. New therapeutic targets thus emerge from these studies. Mt Sinai J Med 76:474\u2013483, 2009. \u00a9 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,28]],"date-time":"2009-09-28T13:14:43Z","timestamp":1254143683000},"page":"474-483","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Paradigm Shift in the Pathophysiology of Postmenopausal and Thyrotoxic Osteoporosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Mone","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jameel","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry 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