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Vascular cognitive impairment is now recognized as a distinct group of interrelated vascular\u2010based neurological insults that can accumulate and lead to dementia. Importantly, the pathology of vascular cognitive impairment extends far beyond brain destruction wrought by major stroke. Other subtle changes may also arise that contribute to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia, including subclinical stroke, white\u2010matter changes such as hyperintensities and lipohyalinosis, small lacunar infarcts, cerebral hypoperfusion, and compromise of the blood\u2010brain barrier. In this review we critically examine the emerging body of evidence that relates atherosclerotic risk factors, brain functioning, and Alzheimer disease. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Mt Sinai J Med 79:664\u2013673, 2012.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold> <jats:italic>\u00a9 2012 Mount Sinai School of Medicine<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.21347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,13]],"date-time":"2012-12-13T16:16:52Z","timestamp":1355415412000},"page":"664-673","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Atherosclerotic Risk Factors, Vascular Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Jason 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