{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T01:12:03Z","timestamp":1790557923552,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,6]],"date-time":"2003-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1044489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electrodiagnostic procedures are routinely performed in patients with a variety of neuromuscular disorders. These studies are generally well tolerated and rarely thought to be associated with any significant side effects. However, needle electromyography is an invasive procedure and under certain situations has the potential to be associated with iatrogenic complications, including bleeding, infection, nerve injury, pneumothorax, and other local trauma. Similar complications are possible if needles are used for either stimulating or recording. In addition, like all other electrical devices and monitoring equipment connected to patients, electrodiagnostic testing carries the risk of stray leakage currents that under certain circumstances can result in electrical injury, especially in patients in the intensive care setting. Similarly, certain precautions are required during nerve conduction studies (NCS) in patients with pacemakers and other similar cardiac devices. In this review, we address the known and theoretical complications of NCS and needle electrode examination, and the possible methods to avoid such hazards. Muscle Nerve 27: 517\u2013526, 2003<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,17]],"date-time":"2003-04-17T10:02:18Z","timestamp":1050573738000},"page":"517-526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Iatrogenic complications and risks of nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Amer","family":"Al\u2010Shekhlee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara E.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","first-page":"S53","article-title":"AAEM guidelines in electrodiagnostic medicine. Risks in electrodiagnostic medicine","volume":"22","year":"1999","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","first-page":"179","article-title":"Never mind the quality, what's the cost? An evaluation of EMG needle maintenance","volume":"16","author":"Al\u2010Seffar J","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Electrophysiol Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.2.478"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","unstructured":"ANSI\/AAMI American National Standard.Safe current limits for electromedical apparatus ESI\u20101985.Arlington VA:Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation;1985."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc1997.6.4.302","article-title":"Care and safety of pacemaker electrodes in the intensive care and telemetry nursing units","volume":"6","author":"Baas LS","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92442-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880100205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","first-page":"770","volume-title":"Clinical electromyography","author":"Bolton CF","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880150608"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011293232201","article-title":"The effect of low\u2010dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation","volume":"323","author":"Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198205273062107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Medical instrumentation and electrical safety","volume":"19","author":"Brueschke EE","year":"1973","journal-title":"Med Trial Tech Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","first-page":"733","article-title":"Subcutaneous hemorrhage in a patient receiving anticoagulation therapy: an unusual EMG complication","volume":"65","author":"Butler ML","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehablil"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(00)90324-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","first-page":"538","article-title":"Aseptic technique in needle EMG: common sense and common practice","volume":"4","author":"Capozzoli NJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.1.269"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2001.00851.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","first-page":"712","article-title":"Acute radial nerve compression following routine venipuncture in an anticoagulated patient","volume":"25","author":"Davison BL","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Practical electromyography","author":"Dumitru D","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","first-page":"323","article-title":"Preventing complications of electromyography","volume":"40","author":"Hawley RJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","first-page":"149","article-title":"Pneumothorax and EMG","volume":"69","author":"Honet JC","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","first-page":"601","article-title":"Pneumothorax after electromyographic electrode insertion in the paracervical muscles: case report and radiological analysis","volume":"67","author":"Honet JE","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.5.962"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","first-page":"615","volume-title":"Electrodiagnosis in diseases of muscle and nerve","author":"Kimura J","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"The electromyographic examination of the diaphragm","volume":"7","author":"Koepke GH","year":"1960","journal-title":"Bull Am Assoc Electromyogr Electrodiagn"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)90916-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","first-page":"358","article-title":"Peripheral nerve conduction stimulation: its effect on cardiac pacemakers","volume":"69","author":"LaBan MM","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/7.4.495"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","first-page":"610","article-title":"Gluteal compartment syndrome","volume":"152","author":"Lund N","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ugeskrift Laeger"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","first-page":"546","article-title":"The management of patients on chronic coumadin therapy undergoing subsequent surgical procedures","volume":"60","author":"Madura JA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3453719"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","first-page":"653","article-title":"Pneumothorax. Complication of needle EMG of thoracic wall","volume":"87","author":"Miller J","year":"1990","journal-title":"N J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.5.1150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199610)19:10<1359::AID-MUS20>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0750-7658(00)00125-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1994.tb03410.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07181.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_2","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Clinical electromyography, nerve conduction studies","author":"Oh SJ","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-198804000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-109-11-921"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430140104011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_2","first-page":"561","article-title":"Pneumothorax: complication of needle electromyography of supraspinatus muscle","volume":"68","author":"Reinstein L","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(99)00059-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1993.tb01033.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199812313392714"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.1.288"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.241.19.2028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2354.1998.00089.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197101282840405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_2","volume-title":"EMG\u2013operating note","author":"Teca Corporation","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_2","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Median nerve damage from brachial artery puncture: a case report","volume":"40","author":"Watson ME","year":"1995","journal-title":"Respir Care"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; Nerve"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmus.10315","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.10315","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T09:20:29Z","timestamp":1696929629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mus.10315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mus.10315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.10315","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-639X","1097-4598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-639X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,6]]}}}