{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:46:47Z","timestamp":1789728407931,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,18]],"date-time":"2001-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1003363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The few studies on prognosis of obstetric lesions of the brachial plexus that are not hampered by selection bias or a short follow\u2010up suggest that functional impairment persists in 20\u201325% of cases, more than commonly thought. Electromyography (EMG), potentially useful for prognosis, is often considered of little value. Denervation in the first week of life has been interpreted as evidence of an antenatal lesion, but is the logical result of the short axonal length affected. EMG performed at close to the time of possible intervention (3 months) usually shows a discrepancy: motor unit potentials are seen in clinically paralyzed muscles. This can be explained in five ways: an overly pessimistic clinical examination; overestimation of EMG recruitment due to small muscle fibers; persistent fetal innervation; developmental apraxia; or misdirection, in which axons reach inappropriate muscles. Further research into the pathophysiology of obstetric lesions of the brachial plexus is needed to improve prognostication. \u00a9 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1451\u20131461, 2001<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.1168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T21:20:09Z","timestamp":1030310409000},"page":"1451-1461","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Obstetric lesions of the brachial plexus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"J. Gert","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"Pondaag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn J. A.","family":"Malessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(99)00144-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(05)80008-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","first-page":"352","article-title":"Risk factors for shoulder dystocia: an engineering study of clinician\u2010applied forces","volume":"77","author":"Allen A","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880120210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb14849.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/jhsb.1999.0281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/jhsb.1999.0331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0987-7053(99)00204-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","volume-title":"Surgical disorders of the peripheral nerves","author":"Birch R","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389400900201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.70B4.3403599"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.19.3.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.19.6.591"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.1.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00264-X","article-title":"An approach to obstetrical brachial plexus injuries","volume":"11","author":"Clarke HM","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199803000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(79)90077-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200002000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(85)90074-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199607)19:7<884::AID-MUS11>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(60)90120-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/jhsb.1999.0337"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.78B2.0780303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70633-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00484-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","first-page":"70","article-title":"Reparation chirurgicale du plexus brachial dans la paralysie obstetricale","volume":"110","author":"Gilbert A","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chirurgie"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1091523"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70478-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.104214"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(73)90727-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1999.7233"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198411000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9091(00)80008-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","first-page":"82","article-title":"Management strategies forchildren with obstetrical plexus injuries","volume":"12","author":"Grossman JAI","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/jhsb.1999.0282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02840-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.63B1.7204481"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(86)90136-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Essai d'analyse des syncin\u00e9sies dans les paralysies obst\u00e9tricales du plexus brachial","volume":"12","author":"Held JP","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ann M\u00e9d Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092360315"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199808)21:8<1058::AID-MUS10>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","first-page":"1200","article-title":"Forekomsten af obstetrisk plexus brachialis laesion pa Lollnd\u2013Falster 1960\u20131970","volume":"86","author":"Jacobsen S","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nord Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199107000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70357-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91555-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)00222-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.1997.0166"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199712)20:12<1525::AID-MUS7>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_2","first-page":"228","article-title":"Brachial palsy at birth: intrauterine or due to delivery trauma?","volume":"8","author":"Koenigsberger MR","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389400900202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_2","first-page":"792","article-title":"Birth trauma: incidence and predisposing factors","volume":"63","author":"Levine MG","year":"1984","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880150323"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199406000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1955.18.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199804000-00062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.88.2.0266"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.4.0568"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Paralysie obst\u00e9tricale du plexus brachial","volume":"58","author":"Mallet J","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1761"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_2","first-page":"362","article-title":"Apraxia in congenital brachial palsy","volume":"20","author":"McComas AJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_2","first-page":"784","article-title":"Erb\/Duchenne's palsy: a consequence of fetal macrosomia and method of delivery","volume":"68","author":"McFarland LV","year":"1986","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_2","first-page":"1237","article-title":"Combined brachial plexus injury and root avulsion after complicated delivery","volume":"17","author":"Mancias P","year":"1994","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199404000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880130606"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_2","first-page":"116","volume-title":"The paralysed hand","author":"Narakas AO","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(88)90227-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_2","first-page":"89","article-title":"Obstetrical trauma to the neonatal central and peripheral nervous system","volume":"6","author":"Painter MJ","year":"1982","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.27156.98101","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n neurofisil\u00f3gica de los ni\u00f1os con par\u00e1lisis del plexo braquial obst\u00e9trica","volume":"27","author":"Papazian O","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9091(00)80007-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.1.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_2","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Neonatal \u201cobstetric\u201d palsy: a \u201cpre\u2010existing condition\u201d. Two case reports","volume":"18","author":"Peterson GW","year":"1995","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1761"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.1.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.10.1354"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(83)90113-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(79)90034-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_2","first-page":"225","article-title":"Intranervous regeneration of lower motor neuron \u2014 I","volume":"18","author":"Roth G","year":"1978","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_2","first-page":"311","article-title":"Intranervous regeneration of lower motor neuron \u2014 II","volume":"18","author":"Roth G","year":"1978","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_2","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Pediatric clinical electromyography","author":"Royden Jones H","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199601)19:1<88::AID-MUS12>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9091(00)80011-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1962.00450230028004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1968.215.3.637","article-title":"Development of fibrillation potentials in denervated fast and slow skeletal muscle","volume":"215","author":"Salafsky B","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199905)22:5<600::AID-MUS8>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00686386"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_2","unstructured":"SeddonHJ.Peripheral nerve injuries. Medical Research Council special report series. London: HMSO;1954."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)32445-7","article-title":"Brachial plexus birth injuries and current mamagement","volume":"25","author":"Shenaq SM","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10660.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(93)90039-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(96)80088-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(200005)23:5<680::AID-MUS4>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00062.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_2","volume-title":"Nerve injuries and their repair: a critical appraisal","author":"Sunderland S","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_2","volume-title":"Evolution spontan\u00e9e; R\u00e9sultats des interventions reparatrices prococes","author":"Tassin JL","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00489-3","article-title":"Management of obstetric brachial plexus palsy","volume":"15","author":"Terzis JK","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880110813"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1995.tb10848.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199802)21:2<260::AID-MUS20>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199903)22:3<428::AID-MUS26>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_2","first-page":"238","article-title":"Morphology of skeletal muscle in children","volume":"109","author":"Vogler C","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00063.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199903)22:3<427::AID-MUS25>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(99)00132-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(99)00073-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1965.00470050035004"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; Nerve"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmus.1168","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.1168","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T17:58:27Z","timestamp":1733162307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mus.1168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,18]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mus.1168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.1168","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-639X","1097-4598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-639X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,18]]}}}