{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:28:22Z","timestamp":1780669702431,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,12]],"date-time":"2004-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1081728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Botulinum toxins are among the most potent neurotoxins known to humans. In the past 25 years, botulinum toxin has emerged as both a potential weapon of bioterrorism and as a powerful therapeutic agent, with growing applications in neurological and non\u2010neurological disease. Botulinum toxin is unique in its ability to target peripheral cholinergic neurons, preventing the release of acetylcholine through the enzymatic cleavage of proteins involved in membrane fusion, without prominent central nervous system effects. There are seven serotypes of the toxin, each with a specific activity at the molecular level. Currently, serotypes A (in two preparations) and B are available for clinical use, and have been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of dystonia, spasticity, and other disorders in which muscle overactivity gives rise to symptoms. This review focuses on the pharmacology, electrophysiology, immunology, and application of botulinum toxin in selected neurological disorders. Muscle Nerve 29: 628\u2013644, 2004<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,23]],"date-time":"2004-04-23T20:50:10Z","timestamp":1082753410000},"page":"628-644","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Botulinum toxins in neurological disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Cynthia L.","family":"Comella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth L.","family":"Pullman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154596839801200101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.6.693-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.5.1440"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007816"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.59.3.309"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090404"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197908233010805"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130516"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.2.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00056.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","first-page":"85","volume-title":"A textbook of head and neck anatomy","author":"Berkovitz BKB","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.67.1.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1988.01860240057024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200001)15:1<146::AID-MDS1023>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.103.2.521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.8.640"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06171.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.1999.640461.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.1.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198903000-00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effects of repeated botulinum toxin injections on orbicularis oculi muscle","volume":"12","author":"Borodic GE","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.2880120504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199102000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.2880140108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.1.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00867425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.5.1461"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.1066"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00867425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200001)15:1<150::AID-MDS1024>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1439"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)83049-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-13123"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200007000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.4.681"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-000-0009-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.9.1746"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1431"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.11.1523"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199306000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199404000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_2","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology","author":"Calne DB","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(94)90045-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007812"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870060206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880190403"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.5.1494"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1132"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Therapy with botulinum toxin","author":"Coffield J","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.7.1005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.3.355"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.4.878"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.7.1307"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_56_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Immunogenecity of botulinum toxin therapy","volume":"7","author":"Critchfield J","year":"2000","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.4.547"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Cervical radiculopathy following botulinum toxin therapy for cervical dystonia","volume":"8","author":"Defazio G","year":"1993","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_2","volume-title":"Anatomic guide for the electromyographer","author":"Delagi EF","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-199712060-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150070132"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000052139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000008122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150070100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2000.00161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200003)15:2<365::AID-MDS1039>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199106000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.2.232"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)32977-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)81995-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_2","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Tremor","author":"Elbe RJ","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.1158"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_2","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Therapy with botulinum toxin","author":"Elston JS","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1850"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.2.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00127-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in neurology","author":"Fahn S","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in neurology","author":"Fahn S","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199702000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000116961"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)76386-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198811000-00031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"Quantitative electromyographical changes in cervical dystonia after treatment with botulinum toxin","volume":"38","author":"Fuglsang\u2010Frederiksen A","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870080106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100038506","article-title":"Localizing muscles for botulinum toxin treatment of focal hand dystonia","volume":"23","author":"Geenen C","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.1.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290407"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000008223"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.9.844"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.7.1143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70009-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)60192-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90042-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6580"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_2","first-page":"23","volume-title":"A manual of diseases of the nervous system","author":"Gowers WR","year":"1888"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.6.767"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.8.1213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_2","first-page":"547","article-title":"Experience with high dosages of anticholinergic and other drugs in the treatment of torsion dystonia","volume":"50","author":"Greene P","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110211"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870080411"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130329"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130613"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500030031006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880171207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.5.612"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.6.1624"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000117196"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940010900216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/026921598668275996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.5.577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00319673"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.6.707"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_115_2","first-page":"229","article-title":"Psychological functioning before and after treatment of torticollis with botulinum toxin","author":"Jahanshahi M","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104253241707"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_2","first-page":"371","article-title":"Blepharospasm: demographic and clinical survey of 250 patients","volume":"16","author":"Jankovic J","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.2.277"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.8.1185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.8.633"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(93)90060-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.9.1743"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530240057020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_124_2","first-page":"583","volume-title":"Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology","author":"Jankovic J","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_125_2","first-page":"467","volume-title":"Advances in neurology: facial dyskinesias","author":"Jankovic J","year":"1988"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_126_2","first-page":"I39","article-title":"Botulinum toxin: evidence\u2010based medicine criteria in rare conditions","volume":"248","author":"Jost WH","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.1.70"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)64977-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120116"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050345"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199811000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100109788"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.9.30A"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199008000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199307000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100027748"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90389-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100044139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_141_2","first-page":"609","volume-title":"Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology","author":"Lange DJ","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880140711"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.3.701"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1990.tb125354.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201303260516"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-06757-2_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1017\/S031716710003804X","article-title":"The physiology of idiopathic dystonia","volume":"14","author":"Marsden CD","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.75.12.737"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_149_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Use of botulinum in the treatment of 100 patients with blepharospasm","volume":"84","author":"Mauriello JA","year":"1987","journal-title":"N J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.10.1499"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_151_2","first-page":"245","article-title":"Use of botulinum toxin in Meige's disease","volume":"58","author":"Maurri S","year":"1988","journal-title":"Riv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_152_2","volume-title":"Aids to the examination of the peripheral nervous system","author":"Medical Research Council","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040888"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61105-6_32"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.9.813"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530240100030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.6.924"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_158_2","first-page":"361","volume-title":"Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology","author":"Nutt JG","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.1.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.11.1780"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_161_2","first-page":"1090","article-title":"Uber eine eigenartige Krampfkrankheit des kindlichen und jungendichen Alters (dysbasia lordotica progressiva, dystonia musculorum deformans)","volume":"30","author":"Oppenheim H","year":"1911","journal-title":"Neurol Centralb"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_162_2","first-page":"179","article-title":"Quantitative EMG in cervical dystonia","volume":"36","author":"Ostergaard L","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90150-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1999.6039"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720070049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_166_2","unstructured":"Package insert Botox. Allergan Pharmaceuticals December2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_167_2","unstructured":"Package insert Myobloc. Elan Pharmaceuticals December2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.4.822"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100052240","article-title":"Head tremor in cervical dystonia","volume":"27","author":"Pal PK","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.5.1463"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_171_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Anatomy of the orbicularis oculi and other facial muscles","volume":"49","author":"Patrinely JR","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_172_2","first-page":"493","volume-title":"Advances in neurology","author":"Patrinely JR","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00839206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_175_2","first-page":"239","article-title":"Writer's cramp: the experience with botulinum toxin injections in 25 patients","volume":"74","author":"Poungvarin N","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30220-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_177_2","first-page":"307","volume-title":"Therapeutic use of botulinum toxin","author":"Pullman SL","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.10.1861"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550070055012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.7.1136"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026921559701100404"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870060110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199609123351117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880180607"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_185_2","first-page":"851","volume-title":"Advances in neurology: motor control mechanisms in health and disease","author":"Rothwell JC","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(82)90061-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.5.722"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200204000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.2.220"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.4.545"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1997.0032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)80452-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050030043017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199109000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880160913"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-3-199808010-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.59.6.601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/105.3.461"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(200004)23:4<447::AID-MUS1>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.5.1306"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_201_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.1.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200101)16:1<100::AID-MDS1021>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_203_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410280407"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_204_2","first-page":"709","article-title":"Scrivener's palsy, or the paralysis of writers","author":"Solly S","year":"1864","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_205_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100619"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.7.920"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_207_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199911)14:6<1043::AID-MDS1026>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.4.1176"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_209_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090220"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.3.691"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_211_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.9.1332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_212_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-089445-1.50029-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_213_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.4.1205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_214_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530140117025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120526"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_217_2","first-page":"473","volume-title":"Advances in neurology: facial dyskinesias","author":"Tsui JK","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S031716710003540X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_219_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92070-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100038063"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_221_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(96)00091-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_222_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.1_Part_1.183"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_223_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.4.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_224_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200011)23:11<1752::AID-MUS12>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_225_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(00)80086-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_226_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200008000-00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_227_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.61.2.172"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_228_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120516"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_229_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(00)00146-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_230_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00478-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_231_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19970701-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_232_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.3.627"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_233_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.3.627"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_234_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.9.1715"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; Nerve"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmus.20033","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.20033","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T07:00:41Z","timestamp":1697526041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mus.20033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,12]]},"references-count":233,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mus.20033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.20033","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-639X","1097-4598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-639X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,12]]}}}