{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:52:53Z","timestamp":1791568373180,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,4]],"date-time":"2004-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1091577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leprosy is one of the most common causes of nontraumatic peripheral neuropathy in the developing world. The causative agent,<jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic>, has a predilection for Schwann cells, where the organism multiplies unimpeded by organism\u2010specific host immunity, resulting in destruction of myelin, secondary inflammatory changes, and destruction of the nerve architecture. The cardinal diagnostic features of leprosy are anesthetic skin lesions, neuropathy, and positive skin smears for the bacilli. However, patients may rarely present without skin lesions in pure neuritic leprosy. Electrodiagnostic findings early in the disease reveal demyelinating features, such as slowing of conduction velocity and prolongation of latencies, but as the disease progresses secondary axonal damage commonly ensues. Electrodiagnostic studies are also useful to monitor for toxicity secondary to therapy, particularly thalidomide\u2010associated neuropathy. Nerve biopsy of a sensory cutaneous nerve is sometimes essential to confirm a diagnosis of leprosy. Significant advances in understanding of the pathogenesis, mapping of the genome, and other advances in molecular biology may result in better preventive and therapeutic modalities, and the goal of eradicating leprosy as a global problem may yet be realized. Muscle Nerve 30: 393\u2013409, 2004<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,4]],"date-time":"2004-08-04T18:01:33Z","timestamp":1091642493000},"page":"393-409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Leprosy and the peripheral nervous system: Basic and clinical aspects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Winnie W.","family":"Ooi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayashri","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/513830"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315174"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00131402-199912000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_2","unstructured":"Anonymous. Leprosy Resolution WHA 44.9 Forty\u2010fourth World Health Assembly 13 May1991.Global strategy for the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem."},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leprosy: global situation","volume":"1","year":"2002","journal-title":"WHO Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_2","volume-title":"WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.19502.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"Histomorphometric study of the superficial peroneal nerve in leprosy","volume":"5","author":"Ben Hamida M","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Leprol"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_2","first-page":"352","article-title":"Modern genetics and leprosy susceptibility","volume":"72","author":"Blackwell JM","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/9.3.562"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087785"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_2","first-page":"214","article-title":"Leprosy reversal reaction in HIV\u2010positive patients","volume":"61","author":"Blum L","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687635"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_2","first-page":"S176","article-title":"Immunoprophylaxis against Mycobacterium leprae infection with subunit vaccines","volume":"71","author":"Britton WJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072444"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199610)19:10<1357::AID-MUS19>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leprosy neuropathy: correlation of clinical and electrophysiological tests","volume":"68","author":"Brown TR","year":"1996","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00704.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90098-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324623"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_2","first-page":"192","article-title":"Cross\u2010sectional assessment of ELISA reactivity in leprosy patients, contacts, and normal population using the semisynthetic antigen natural disaccharide octyl bovine serum albumin (ND\u2010O\u2010BSA) in Cebu, The Philippines","volume":"61","author":"Cellona RV","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_2","first-page":"166","article-title":"Auditory brain stem evoked potentials in patients with leprosy","volume":"65","author":"Celik O","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcpc030034"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_25_2","first-page":"79","article-title":"Is soil an alternative source of leprosy infection?","volume":"12","author":"Chakrabarty AN","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Leprol"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_2","first-page":"79","article-title":"An ultrastructural study of the response of traumatized rabbit tibial nerve to epineurial infection with M. leprae","volume":"54","author":"Chandi SM","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_2","first-page":"515","article-title":"An ultrastructural study of dermal nerves in early human leprosy","volume":"55","author":"Chandi SM","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000037480.59194.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_29_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Calcification of peripheral nerves in leprosy","volume":"10","author":"Chauhan SL","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Leprol"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050094"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35059006"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/0305-7518.20010053"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.10.2919-2921.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_34_2","first-page":"138","article-title":"The treatment of acute nerve function impairment in leprosy: results from a prospective cohort study in Bangladesh","volume":"71","author":"Croft RP","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_35_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Leprosy research in the post\u2010genome era","volume":"72","author":"Curtiss R","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_36_2","first-page":"118","article-title":"The facial nerve in leprosy. 2. 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