{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:31:14Z","timestamp":1792211474610,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":232,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]],"date-time":"2005-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1108425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the subacute and chronic stages of spastic paresis, stretch\u2010sensitive (spastic) muscle overactivity emerges as a third fundamental mechanism of motor impairment, along with paresis and soft tissue contracture. Part II of this review primarily addresses the pathophysiology of the various forms of spastic overactivity. It is argued that muscle contracture is one of the factors that cause excessive responsiveness to stretch, which in turn aggravates contracture. Excessive responsiveness to stretch also impedes voluntary motor neuron recruitment, a concept termed stretch\u2010sensitive paresis. None of the three mechanisms of impairment (paresis, contracture, and spastic overactivity) is symmetrically distributed between agonists and antagonists, which generates torque imbalance around joints and limb deformities. Thus, each may be best treated focally on an individual muscle\u2010by\u2010muscle basis. Intensive motor training of the less overactive muscles should disrupt the cycle of paresis\u2013disuse\u2013paresis, and concomitant use of aggressive stretch and focal weakening agents in their more overactive and shortened antagonists should break the cycle of overactivity\u2013contracture\u2013overactivity. Muscle Nerve, 2005<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]],"date-time":"2005-02-15T22:18:28Z","timestamp":1108505908000},"page":"552-571","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":470,"title":["Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. II: Emergence of muscle overactivity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jean\u2010Michel","family":"Gracies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2000.010002058.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020458"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.5.628"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880010514"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1963.00460060021002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90138-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(86)90058-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","first-page":"540","article-title":"Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis","volume":"192","author":"Ashworth B","year":"1964","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.8.1688"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","series-title":"Handbook of physiology. The nervous system","first-page":"509","volume-title":"Motor control, part 1","author":"Baldissera F","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/64.10.1540","article-title":"Reduction of hypertonicity by early casting in a comatose head\u2010injured individual. A case report","volume":"64","author":"Barnard P","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.4.1955"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.4.1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00247497"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90894-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.43.5.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1990.tb00015.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(57)91543-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(57)91542-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-197510020-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","series-title":"Advances in neurology","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Motor control mechanisms in health and disease","author":"Burke D","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","series-title":"Advances in neurology","first-page":"401","volume-title":"Functional recovery in neurological disease","author":"Burke D","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(72)90073-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","series-title":"New developments in electromyography and clinical neurophysiology","first-page":"475","author":"Burke D","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.33.2.216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1971.00490040093011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011580"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.3.911"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6615"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","first-page":"554","article-title":"Histologie de la scl\u00e9rose en plaques","volume":"41","author":"Charcot JM","year":"1868","journal-title":"Gaz Hop (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/110.2.433"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp017337"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199805000-00006","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A compared with stretching casts in the treatment of spastic equinus: a randomised prospective trial","volume":"18","author":"Corry IS","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1994.tb11863.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1994.tb11864.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230683"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016652"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp017335"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.5.1161"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(83)90438-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.29.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_2","series-title":"New developments in electromyography and clinical neurophysiology","first-page":"508","author":"Delwaide PJ","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-78367-8_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.12.1546"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_2","first-page":"124","volume-title":"The cerebral control of movement","author":"Denny\u2010Brown D","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_2","first-page":"171","volume-title":"The cerebral control of movement","author":"Denny\u2010Brown D","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.2.495"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1971.tb07462.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_2","series-title":"New developments in electromyography and clinical neurophysiology","first-page":"496","author":"Dietrichson P","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.37.8.927"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.9.1720"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1999.tb00589.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1957.sp005849"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_2","first-page":"147","article-title":"Central inhibitory action attributable to presynaptic depolarization produced by muscle afferent volleys","volume":"159","author":"Eccles JC","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Physiol (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1959.sp006262"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01926664"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_2","first-page":"247","article-title":"Impaired activation pattern in antagonistic elbow muscles of patients with spastic hemiparesis: contribution to movement disorder","volume":"33","author":"el\u2010Abd MA","year":"1993","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1953.sp005017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(96)00170-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.6.1449"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.9.1505"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019585"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1975.tb05880.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90123-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.1999.00330.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition of monosynaptic reflexes","volume":"16","author":"Frank K","year":"1957","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90124-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/87.4.729"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.6.2629","article-title":"Effects of immobilising the cat peroneus longus muscle on the activity of its own spindles","volume":"75","author":"Gioux M","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.2.709"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/72.9.624"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(18)30031-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation de la spasticit\u00e9\u2014Apport de l'\u00e9chelle de Tardieu","volume":"22","author":"Gracies JM","year":"2001","journal-title":"Motricit\u00e9 C\u00e9r\u00e9brale"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(18)30201-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00127893-200006020-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-4231(09)70189-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_2","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Dystonia: etiology, classification, and treatment","author":"Gracies JM","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_2","first-page":"438","article-title":"Stretched position of spastic muscles aggravates their co\u2010contraction in hemiplegic patients","volume":"42","author":"Gracies JM","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.16346"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_2","first-page":"A3","article-title":"Evidence for increased antagonist strength and movement speed following botulinum toxin injections in spasticity","volume":"56","author":"Gracies JM","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_2","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Spasticity: etiology, evaluation, management and the role of botulinum toxin","author":"Gracies JM","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_2","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Spasticity: etiology, evaluation, management and the role of botulinum toxin","author":"Gracies JM","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_2","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Handbook of botulinum toxin","author":"Gracies JM","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_89_2","first-page":"S89","article-title":"Spastic cocontraction and movement speed: effects of botulinum toxin type A (BTX\u2010A) injection into an agonist","volume":"52","author":"Gracies JM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1953.tb00930.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_2","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Muscular afferents and motor control","author":"Hagbarth KE","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197705156159","article-title":"Muscle spindle responses to stretch in normal and spastic subjects","volume":"5","author":"Hagbarth KE","year":"1973","journal-title":"Scand J Rehab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_2","volume-title":"On the diseases and derangements of the nervous system","author":"Hall M","year":"1841"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_2","first-page":"348","article-title":"Co\u2010contraction in the hemiparetic forearm: quantitative EMG evaluation","volume":"69","author":"Hammond MC","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.148.373"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1985.sp015651"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/116.6.1355"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/116.6.1371"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(87)90397-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_2","first-page":"351","article-title":"\u00dcber die Beziehungen der Sehnenreflexe zur willk\u00fcrlichen Bewegungen and zum Tonus","volume":"68","author":"Hoffmann P","year":"1918","journal-title":"Z Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00979.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1967.30.3.466"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237290"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(79)90198-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0713-0_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1983.tb07358.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1971.sp009487"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1971.sp009488"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1971.sp009489"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016680"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_2","first-page":"77","article-title":"Key mechanisms for setting the input\u2010output gain across the motoneuron pool","volume":"143","author":"Hultborn H","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1951.sp004681"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237419"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019309"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.8.937"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-05-01867.2003","article-title":"Neuronal basis of crossed actions from the reticular formation on feline hindlimb motor neurons","volume":"23","author":"Jankowska E","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1962.tb01122.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10443"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4257(00)80065-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6054(01)00100-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/105.1.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00056-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90542-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/102.2.405"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_126_2","first-page":"93","article-title":"Dynamic motor capacity in spastic paresis and its relation to prime mover dysfunction, spastic reflexes and antagonist co\u2010activation","volume":"12","author":"Knutsson E","year":"1980","journal-title":"Scand J Rehab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004694-200001000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00622-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.740730.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8041","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-22-08041.2003","article-title":"Are crossed actions of reticulospinal and vestibulospinal neurons on feline motor neurons mediated by the same or separate commissural neurons?","volume":"23","author":"Krutki P","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_131_2","first-page":"485","volume-title":"Spasticity: disordered motor control","author":"Lance JW","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_132_2","first-page":"145","volume-title":"A physiological approach to clinical neurology","author":"Lance JW","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1974.00490400031001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_134_2","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Spasticity: disordered motor control","author":"Landau WM","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1964.00460140014003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_136_2","first-page":"897","article-title":"Modification d'excitabilit\u00e9 de motor neuron homonymes provoqu\u00e9es par l'activation physiologique de fibres aff\u00e9rentes d'origine musculaire du groupe II","volume":"51","author":"Laporte Y","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Physiol (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1952.169.3.609","article-title":"Nature and significance of the reflex connections established by large afferent fibers of muscular origin","volume":"169","author":"Laporte Y","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(02)04946-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.1.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_140_2","first-page":"415","article-title":"Ankle spasticity is inversely correlated with antagonist voluntary contraction in hemiparetic subjects","volume":"34","author":"Levin MF","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00204-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02298-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp018996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00236.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)75213-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_146_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"H reflex changes following spinal cord injury","volume":"66","author":"Little J","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00232189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90466-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(72)90229-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.1.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.51.1.160"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_152_2","first-page":"102P","article-title":"A possible function for the secondary ending of the muscle spindle","volume":"201","author":"Matthews PB","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1957.sp005707"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_154_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Modulation of the transmission in group II heteronymous pathways by tizanidine in spastic hemiplegic patients","volume":"75","author":"Maupas E","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00022.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_156_2","first-page":"311","article-title":"Patterns of upper motor neuron dysfunction in the lower limb","volume":"87","author":"Mayer NH","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.6.991"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(83)90334-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.1.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.4.826"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-5199-1_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.3.681"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0963828001006656"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0836-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019341"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1993.tb09515.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019652"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90337-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.4.995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021407"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228180"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/55.4.355","article-title":"Correlation between gait speed and spasticity at the knee","volume":"55","author":"Norton BJ","year":"1975","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/58.8.951","article-title":"Reflex and voluntary electromyographic activity in patients with hemiparesis","volume":"58","author":"Norton BJ","year":"1978","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.5.1737"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00004-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90196-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00363666"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90955-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(76)90151-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90660-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237499"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)91213-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1931.98.1.47","article-title":"Studies in decerebration. The effect of deafferentation upon decerebrate rigidity","volume":"98","author":"Pollock LJ","year":"1930","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1988.59.5.1540","article-title":"Effects of acute dorsal spinal hemisection on motor neuron discharge in the medial gastrocnemius of the decerebrate cat","volume":"59","author":"Powers RK","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410250106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111165498"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.02243.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1928.86.2.312","article-title":"Elasticity and ductility of muscle in myostatic contracture caused by tetanus toxin","volume":"86","author":"Ranson SW","year":"1928","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.11.2148"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90068-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1313-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_193_2","first-page":"542","volume-title":"Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankeiten des Menschen","author":"Romberg MH","year":"1851"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.43.10.907"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.2.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576405700821"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410020604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.1.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1980.43.6.1700"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1982.48.4.875"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_201_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02197-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)02621-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_203_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.11.2162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.12.2647"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_205_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.1996.444159000.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y81-110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_207_2","first-page":"592","article-title":"Hemiplegic spasticity: neurophysiologic studies","volume":"59","author":"Somerville J","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.43.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_209_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880040305"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237171"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_211_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Les feuillets de l'infirmit\u00e9 motrice c\u00e9r\u00e9brale","author":"Tardieu G","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_212_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Les feuillets de l'infirmit\u00e9 motrice c\u00e9r\u00e9brale","author":"Tardieu G","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_213_2","first-page":"93","article-title":"Physiopathologie des spasticit\u00e9s","volume":"3","author":"Tardieu G","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Belge Med Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_214_2","first-page":"143","article-title":"A la recherche d'une technique de mesure de la spasticit\u00e9","volume":"91","author":"Tardieu G","year":"1954","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_215_2","first-page":"563","article-title":"Traitement de la spasticit\u00e9 par infiltration d'alcool dilu\u00e9 ou par injection \u00e9pidurale","volume":"110","author":"Tardieu G","year":"1964","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_216_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"Infiltrations par l'alcool \u00e0 45\u00b0 des points moteurs, des racines par voie \u00e9pidurale, ou du nerf tibial post\u00e9rieur. Leurs indications et contre\u2010indications dans les divers modes de \u201cspasticit\u00e9\u201d (experience de dix ans)","volume":"125","author":"Tardieu G","year":"1971","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_217_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Selective partial denervation by alcohol injections and their results in spasticity","volume":"13","author":"Tardieu G","year":"1972","journal-title":"Reconstr Surg Traumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.10.1102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_219_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1998.15.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15428.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_221_2","first-page":"487","article-title":"Cocontraction and phasic activity during GAIT in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"36","author":"Unnithan VB","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_222_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199612000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_223_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150152693782"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_224_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051626798"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_225_2","first-page":"26P","article-title":"Sensitivity changes shown by spindle receptors in chronically immobilized skeletal muscle","volume":"306","author":"Williams RG","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_226_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00181-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_227_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.11.2079"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_228_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.2.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_229_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01601-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_230_2","first-page":"S12","article-title":"Spasticity: a review","volume":"44","author":"Young RR","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_231_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-17-06561.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_232_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.1094"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_233_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00492.2002"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; Nerve"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmus.20285","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mus.20285","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T12:14:16Z","timestamp":1697458456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mus.20285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]]},"references-count":232,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mus.20285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.20285","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-639X","1097-4598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-639X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]]}}}