{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:17:57Z","timestamp":1772781477377,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,17]],"date-time":"2010-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1292544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In humans, spinal cord injury (SCI) induces deleterious changes in skeletal muscle that may be prevented or reversed by electrical stimulation muscle training. The molecular mechanisms underlying muscle stimulation training remain unknown. We studied two unique SCI subjects whose right soleus received &gt;6 years of training (30 minutes\/day, 5 days\/week). Training preserved torque, fatigue index, contractile speed, and cross\u2010sectional area in the trained leg, but not the untrained leg. Training decreased 10 mRNAs required for fast\u2010twitch contractions and mRNA that encodes for myostatin, an autocrine\/paracrine hormone that inhibits muscle growth. Conversely, training increased 69 mRNAs that mediate the slow\u2010twitch, oxidative phenotype, including PGC\u20101\u03b1, a transcriptional coactivator that inhibits muscle atrophy. When we discontinued right soleus training, training\u2010induced effects diminished slowly, with some persisting for &gt;6 months. Training of paralyzed muscle induces localized and long\u2010lasting changes in skeletal muscle mRNA expression that improve muscle mass and function. Muscle Nerve, 2011<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,20]],"date-time":"2010-12-20T05:30:54Z","timestamp":1292823054000},"page":"65-75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Altered mRNA expression after long\u2010term soleus electrical stimulation training in humans with paralysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Suneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shauna","family":"Dudley\u2010Javoroski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Shields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.6.2195"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20564"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.3.263","article-title":"Musculoskeletal deterioration and hemicorporectomy after spinal cord injury","volume":"83","author":"Shields RK","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.118042"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21293"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90134-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.31184"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01181.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00099.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Spinal cord injury rehabilitation","author":"Shields RK","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968306293447"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.52.6.1636"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","first-page":"381","article-title":"Medical image processing, analysis and visualization in clinical research","author":"McAuliffe MJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Comput\u2010based Med Syst"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10522"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.20.012103.135836"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00904"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.1.350"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000263"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.000247.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.4.1401"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Muscle fiber composition in patients with traumatic cord lesion","volume":"8","author":"Grimby G","year":"1976","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.02.0031"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21391"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M704817200"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90906.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00299.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00046.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607795103"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1500"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00107.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_2","first-page":"000","article-title":"Relation between extent of myostatin depletion and muscle growth in mature mice","author":"Welle S","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.142166599"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065874"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(93)90327-U"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; 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