{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:41:04Z","timestamp":1790707264030,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]],"date-time":"2013-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Introduction<\/jats:italic>: One important reason why functional electrical stimulation (FES) has not gained widespread clinical use is the limitation imposed by rapid muscle fatigue due to non\u2010physiological activation of the stimulated muscles. We aimed to show that asynchronous low\u2010pulse\u2010rate (LPR) electrical stimulation applied by multipad surface electrodes greatly postpones the occurrence of muscle fatigue compared with conventional stimulation (high pulse rate, HPR). <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>: We compared the produced force vs. time of the forearm muscles responsible for finger flexion in 2 stimulation protocols, LPR (f<jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200910 H<jats:sc>z<\/jats:sc>) and HPR (f<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200940 H<jats:sc>z<\/jats:sc>). <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>: Surface\u2010distributed low\u2010frequency asynchronous stimulation (sDLFAS) doubles the time interval before the onset of fatigue (104\u2009\u00b1\u200980%) compared with conventional synchronous stimulation. <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>: Combining the performance of multipad electrodes (increased selectivity and facilitated positioning) with sDLFAS (decreased fatigue) can improve many FES applications in both the lower and upper extremities. <jats:italic>Muscle Nerve<\/jats:italic> <jats:bold>48<\/jats:bold>: 930\u2013937, 2013<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,20]],"date-time":"2013-03-20T09:55:57Z","timestamp":1363773357000},"page":"930-937","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Surface\u2010distributed low\u2010frequency asynchronous stimulation delays fatigue of stimulated muscles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Lana Z. Popovi\u0107","family":"Maneski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Novi Pazar Novi Pazar Serbia"},{"name":"Tecnalia Serbia, Ltd. Vladetina 13 Belgrade 11000 Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neboj\u0161a M.","family":"Male\u0161evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnalia Serbia, Ltd. Vladetina 13 Belgrade 11000 Serbia"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrej M.","family":"Savi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnalia Serbia, Ltd. Vladetina 13 Belgrade 11000 Serbia"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnalia Research &amp; Innovation San Sebastian Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejan B.","family":"Popovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Health Science and Technology Center for Sensory\u2010Motor Interaction (SMI) Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2009-0498","article-title":"Popovi\u0107 MB Electrical stimulation as a means for achieving recovery of function in stroke patients","volume":"25","author":"Popovi\u0107 DB","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199504000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005610"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/h94-037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.68.4.1657"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/71.4.273"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.81.4.1718"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2005.29076.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2000.11740743"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2003.1279643"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.398642"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200009)23:9<1348::AID-MUS5>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Closed\u2010loop control of movement of skeletal muscle","volume":"13","author":"Petrofsky JS","year":"1985","journal-title":"CRC Crit Rev Bioeng"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/86.769407"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21736"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"6785","article-title":"Muscle fatigue of quadriceps in paraplegics: comparison between single vs. multi\u2010pad electrode surface stimulation","author":"Popovi\u0107 LZ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2010.01195.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-9-66"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"Popovi\u0107\u2010ManeskiL Jevti\u0107T.Assessment of hand function with flex sensors. 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