{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T14:28:00Z","timestamp":1774880880818,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]],"date-time":"2014-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Introduction<\/jats:italic>: Onabotulinum toxin serotype A (BT\u2010A) is used for a variety of motor and sensory disorders related to abnormal muscle activity. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>: We developed a high\u2010resolution rodent model to allow precise determination of the effect of BT\u2010A dose (measured in units) and injectate volume (measured in \u03bcl) on the efficacy of the injection and systemic side effects. Dorsiflexion is the best indicator of injected and contralateral muscle function. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>: One month after injection, dorsiflexion torque of BT\u2010A\u2010injected limbs was decreased significantly in all experimental groups compared with saline controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Torque was also compared among the BT\u2010A groups, which demonstrated a significant effect of dose (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but no effect of volume (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.2) and no dose \u00d7 volume interaction (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.3). Similar results were observed for other parameters measured. <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>: These data demonstrate that injection dose and not volume or concentration is the primary determinant of neurotoxin efficacy in a rodent model. <jats:italic>Muscle Nerve<\/jats:italic> <jats:bold>49<\/jats:bold>: 709\u2013715, 2014<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,8]],"date-time":"2013-08-08T13:17:40Z","timestamp":1375967860000},"page":"709-715","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Systematic test of neurotoxin dose and volume on muscle function in a rat model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Jonah B.","family":"Hulst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0863 La Jolla California 92093\u20100863 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviane B.","family":"Minamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California San Diego San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0863 La Jolla California 92093\u20100863 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon N.","family":"Bremner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0863 La Jolla California 92093\u20100863 USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel R.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0863 La Jolla California 92093\u20100863 USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California San Diego San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Lieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0863 La Jolla California 92093\u20100863 USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California San Diego San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"485","volume-title":"Spasticity: disorder of motor control","author":"Lance JW","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200211001-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(1997)6 <181::AID-MUS13>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004694-200001000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(00)00146-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2001.00038.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.1999.00330.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(99)00012-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.2880120504"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23254"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20450"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.01.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21434"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00907.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.048462"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.093005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-008-0613-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Point counting methods: practical methods for biological morphometry","author":"Weibel ER","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","volume-title":"Practical methods for biological morphometry. 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