{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:47:13Z","timestamp":1784191633313,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,11]],"date-time":"2015-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["D43TW006793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW006793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Introduction<\/jats:italic>: Microsporidial myositis is a rare opportunistic infection that has been reported in HIV\u2010infected and HIV\u2010uninfected immunocompromised patients. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>: In this study we present a retrospective analysis of 5 cases of microsporidial myositis in HIV\u2010infected patients, including the clinical, laboratory, and histologic features, and a review of the literature. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>: Five young men with HIV infection [median CD4 count of 20 cells (range 14\u2212144)\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>] who presented with signs and symptoms suggestive of myositis underwent EMG\u2010NCV and muscle biopsy, which revealed signs compatible with microsporidial myositis. Early and aggressive treatment led to improvement in 3 patients. Two of the 5 patients died due to a delay in diagnosis, because the spores were mistaken for <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> without confirmatory stains or a high index of suspicion. <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>: Myositis in HIV\u2010infected patients with low CD4 counts should be evaluated using muscle biopsy. A high index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis of microsporidial myositis in HIV\u2010infected patients. Early diagnosis and immediate, aggressive treatment are the keys to favorable outcomes in these patients. <jats:italic>Muscle Nerve<\/jats:italic> <jats:bold>51<\/jats:bold>:775\u2013780, 2015<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]],"date-time":"2014-11-11T16:29:32Z","timestamp":1415723372000},"page":"775-780","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Microsporidial polymyositis in human immunodeficiency virus\u2212infected patients, a rare life\u2010threatening opportunistic infection: Clinical suspicion, diagnosis, and management in resource\u2010limited settings"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Atul K.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Clinic, Vedanta Institute of Medical Sciences Navarangpura Ahmedabad 380009 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketan K.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Clinic, Vedanta Institute of Medical Sciences Navarangpura Ahmedabad 380009 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasha T.","family":"Chickabasaviah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalin D.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Sterling Hospital Memnagar Ahmedabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drupad J.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Clinic, Vedanta Institute of Medical Sciences Navarangpura Ahmedabad 380009 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayathri","family":"Narayanappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Sterling Hospital Memnagar Ahmedabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambuj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520290125026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/108729100750018308"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199004193221602"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320409"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/34.6.568"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198803173181113"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240114"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60126-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198712173172511"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00001-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032655"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.11.2803-2811.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1998.tb04532.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1709.101926"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/16.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2012.00724.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1807.120047"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1802.111319"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00237.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2010.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.131126"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.1892-1901.2002"}],"container-title":["Muscle &amp; 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