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Even with successful tendon repair, muscle and joint function may not return.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the dysfunction, supraspinatus and ipsilateral deltoid (control) muscles were biopsied during arthroscopic RCI repair for pair\u2010wise histological and protein\u2010expression studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Supraspinatus showed fiber atrophy (<jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;\u2009<\/jats:italic> 0.0001), fibrosis (by Sirius Red, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05), reduced vascular density (<jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;\u2009<\/jats:italic> 0.001), and a lower proportion of slow fibers (<jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;\u2009<\/jats:italic> 0.0001) compared with the ipsilateral control muscle. There were also higher levels of atrogin\u20101 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, <jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;\u2009<\/jats:italic> 0.01), and dystrophin (<jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;\u2009<\/jats:italic> 0.008, relative to fiber diameter) versus control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adaptive changes in vascular endothelial growth factor and dystrophin were likely associated with reduced vascular supply, fatigue resistance, and fibrosis, accompanied by disuse atrophy from mechanical unloading of supraspinatus after tendon tear. Treatment to promote growth and vascularity in atrophic supraspinatus muscle may help improve functional outcome after surgical repair. <jats:italic>Muscle Nerve<\/jats:italic> 55: 715\u2013726, 2017<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,29]],"date-time":"2016-08-29T14:12:49Z","timestamp":1472479969000},"page":"715-726","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Fibrosis, low vascularity, and fewer slow fibers after rotator\u2010cuff injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Deanna","family":"Gigliotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba 212 Biological Sciences Building, 50 Sifton Road Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences College of Medicine 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