{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:20:15Z","timestamp":1791534015119,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,21]],"date-time":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The thoracic outlet syndromes (TOSs) are a group of etiologically and clinically distinct disorders with 1 feature in common: compression of 1 or more neurovascular elements as they traverse the thoracic outlet. The medical literature reflects 5 TOSs: arterial; venous; traumatic neurovascular; true neurogenic; and disputed. Of these, the first 4 demonstrate all of the features expected of a syndrome, whereas disputed TOS does not, causing many experts to doubt its existence altogether. Thus, some categorize disputed TOS as a cervicoscapular pain syndrome rather than as a type of TOS. To better understand these disorders, their distinctions, and the reasoning underlying the categorical change of disputed TOS from a form of TOS to a cervicoscapular pain syndrome, a thorough understanding of the pertinent anatomy, pathology, pathophysiology, and the electrodiagnostic manifestations of their pathophysiologies is required. This review of the TOSs is provided in 2 parts. In this first part we address information pertinent to all 5 TOSs and reviews true neurogenic TOS. In part 2 we review the other 4 TOSs. <jats:italic>Muscle Nerve<\/jats:italic> <jats:bold>55<\/jats:bold>: 782\u2013793, 2017<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,24]],"date-time":"2016-12-24T14:26:24Z","timestamp":1482589584000},"page":"782-793","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["The thoracic outlet syndromes: Part 1. Overview of the thoracic outlet syndromes and review of true neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee USA"},{"name":"Neurophysiology Division Department of Neurology Veterans Administration Medical Center Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole D.","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23235"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"28","volume-title":"Syllabus, Course D: Controversies in entrapment neuropathies","author":"Wilbourn AJ","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"254","volume-title":"Gray's anatomy","author":"Warwick R","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins4111223"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"The ossification of the costal element of the seventh cervical vertebra with particular reference to cervical ribs","volume":"170","author":"McNally E","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(03)00114-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Historical perspectives and anatomic considerations","volume":"8","author":"Roos DB","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Ueber die halsripen des menschen mitvergelichend. 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