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ASOs bind to selected sequences of RNA and regulate the expression of genes by several mechanisms depending on their chemical properties and targets. They can be used to restore deficient protein expression, reduce the expression of a toxic protein, modify functional effects of proteins, or reduce toxicity of mutant proteins. Two ASOs were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2016: eteplirsen for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and nusinersen for spinal muscular atrophy. Clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and familial amyloid polyneuropathy are ongoing. We review the chemistry, pharmacology, and mechanisms of action of ASOs, preclinical data, and clinical trials in neuromuscular diseases and discuss some ethical, regulatory, and policy considerations in the clinical development and use of ASOs.<jats:italic>Muscle Nerve<\/jats:italic><jats:bold>57<\/jats:bold>: 356\u2013370, 2018<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T16:38:50Z","timestamp":1509727130000},"page":"356-370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Making sense of antisense oligonucleotides: A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Neelam","family":"Goyal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology\/Neuromuscular Disease Stanford University Hospital, 213 Quarry Road MC 5979 Palo Alto Ca 94303"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pushpa","family":"Narayanaswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology\/Neuromuscular Disease, Neurology TCC\u20108, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston Massachusetts 02215"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2016.11.010","article-title":"The 2017 version of the gene table of monogenic neuromuscular disorders (nuclear genome)","volume":"26","author":"Kaplan J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.1.280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14304\/SURYA.JPR.V4N7.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(85)80108-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241040-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"FDA grants accelerated approval to first drug for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. 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