{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:37:49Z","timestamp":1792442269443,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted an open\u2010label study to examine the effects of the flavonoid (\u2212)\u2010epicatechin in seven ambulatory adult patients with Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven participants received (\u2212)\u2010epicatechin 50\u2009mg twice per day for 8\u2009weeks. Pre\u2010 and postprocedures included biceps brachii biopsy to assess muscle structure and growth\u2010relevant endpoints by western blotting, mitochondria volume measurement, and cristae abundance by electron microscopy, graded exercise testing, and muscle strength and function tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Western blotting showed significantly increased levels of enzymes modulating cellular bioenergetics (liver kinase B1 and 5\u2032\u2010adenosine monophosphate\u2013activated protein kinase). Peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor gamma coactivator\u20101alpha, a transcriptional coactivator of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and cristae\u2010associated mitofilin levels, increased as did cristae abundance. Muscle and plasma follistatin increased significantly while myostatin decreased. Markers of skeletal muscle regeneration myogenin, myogenic regulatory factor\u20105, myoblast determination protein 1, myocyte enhancer factor\u20102, and structure\u2010associated proteins, including dysferlin, utrophin, and intracellular creatine kinase, also increased. Exercise testing demonstrated decreased heart rate, maximal oxygen consumption per kilogram, and plasma lactate levels at defined workloads. Tissue saturation index improved in resting and postexercise states.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>(\u2212)\u2010Epicatechin, an exercise mimetic, appears to have short\u2010term positive effects on tissue biomarkers indicative of mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle regeneration, and produced improvements in graded exercise testing parameters in patients with BMD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T19:29:00Z","timestamp":1604086140000},"page":"239-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["(\u2212)\u2010Epicatechin induces mitochondrial biogenesis and markers of muscle regeneration in adults with Becker muscular dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8779-3220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig M.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of California Davis School of Medicine  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Ramirez\u2010Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine University of California at San Diego  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Escuela Superior de Medicina, Seccion de Posgrado e Investigacion, del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Oskarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanette","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of California Davis School of Medicine  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candace","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of California Davis School of Medicine  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Nicorici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of California Davis School of Medicine  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Dayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of California Davis School of Medicine  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Goude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of California Davis School of Medicine  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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