{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:23:11Z","timestamp":1790472191786,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL119606 and HL153612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL119606 and HL153612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007165","name":"University of Missouri","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Excellence in Electron Microscopy grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Excellence in Electron Microscopy grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007165","name":"University of Missouri","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Phi Zeta Research grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Phi Zeta Research grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Muscle and Nerve"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recently developed an inducible model of dysphagia using intralingual injection of cholera toxin B conjugated to saporin (CTB\u2010SAP) to cause death of hypoglossal neurons. In this study we aimed to evaluate tongue morphology and ultrastructural changes in hypoglossal neurons and nerve fibers in this model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tissues were collected from 20 rats (10 control and 10 CTB\u2010SAP animals) on day 9 post\u2010injection. Tongues were weighed, measured, and analyzed for microscopic changes using laminin immunohistochemistry. Hypoglossal neurons and axons were examined using transmission electron microscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cross\u2010sectional area of myofibers in the posterior genioglossus was decreased in CTB\u2010SAP\u2013injected rats. Degenerative changes were observed in both the cell bodies and distal axons of hypoglossal neurons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preliminary results indicate this model may have translational application to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases resulting in tongue dysfunction and associated dysphagia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T03:26:36Z","timestamp":1606965996000},"page":"413-420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tongue and hypoglossal morphology after intralingual cholera toxin B<scp>\u2013<\/scp>saporin injection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Lori A.","family":"Lind","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri 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